Thailand’s COVID Emergency Decree
Suppressing Dissent in the Name of Public Health
PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY 2024
In 2020, the democratic movement in Thailand experienced a significant surge as the younger generation participated in ‘leaderless’ demonstrations across the nation, advocating for the restoration of power to the people. However, this period coincided with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, posing a considerable obstacle to public gatherings. In response to this dual challenge, the government invoked the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations (the ‘Emergency Decree’), to ban and penalize any form of protests.
Nevertheless, 2021 saw an unprecedented numbers of protests in Thailand, resulting in hundreds of prosecutions of protesters. A majority of those arrested have been accused of violating Regulations issued under the Emergency Decree. Many who have been charged were peaceful protesters, or petitioners simply making requests around desired policy changes.
Even after the end of the protests and the pandemic, over 1,400 protest leaders and other demonstrators remain saddled with charges, in some cases as many as 10-20 charges each. These cases continue to burden – financially, reputationally, and psychologically – hundreds of people who merely exercised their freedoms of expression and assembly, as well as Thailand’s judicial system. Defendant lawyers are overwhelmed while hundreds of defendants have been sentenced to jail time and fined for merely assembling peacefully.
Under these circumstances, legal solutions may appropriately resolve these cases and restore the right to free assembly and other civic freedoms to the Thai people. However, the new government has yet to be clear on its stance, and is at risk of forgetting the plight and cases of these defendants. It is imperative that the new government, and future Thai leaders, protect the freedom of assembly and do not abuse emergency legislation to restrict civic freedoms.
Recommendations
Laws designed to curb an outbreak should never be used to violate the freedom of assembly and prosecute peaceful protesters. There currently exist legal, legitimate avenues to end the unjust prosecution of people exercising their right to peaceful assembly. As part of its lifting of the state of emergency, the government should have issued a final regulation annulling all prior Regulations, Announcements, and Orders on the basis of the pandemic’s end. Unfortunately, the government has failed to negate the pandemic regulations’ retroactive effect, thereby allowing cases to continue. In practice, therefore, police, prosecutors, and courts have continued to pursue cases brought on the basis of the Emergency Decree, even though the Decree itself is no longer in effect.
Under the current legal system, there are four ways to stop these prosecutions:
- Judicial actors could end the prosecution themselves: Prosecutors have the authority to indict or not indict in cases in which prosecution is not in the public interest. The court could also dismiss or dispose of cases if the cases are considered burdensome to all parties. Lastly, the court could rule that the Regulations or Announcements issued under the Emergency Decree are illegal and thereby end all the cases.
- The new administration could issue a Cabinet Resolution to reaffirm its commitment to end cases brought under the Emergency Decree. While it may not have legal effect, such a Cabinet Resolution could encourage the police and prosecutors to not indict charged individuals, which would reduce the number of cases stuck in the investigation process by about a third.
- The new parliament could pass an amnesty bill, already discussed several times among parliamentarians, to stop all prosecutions stemming from prior protests. While it is mutually agreed across parties that prosecutions under the Emergency Decree should be stopped, disagreement over whether the amnesty would also include those charged under Section 112 (lese majeste/royal defamation) has kept the bill from progressing.
- The new parliament could amend or repeal the Emergency Decree, specifically Section 9 which grants the prime minister authority to issue Regulations on assembly and Section 18, stipulating penalties for violations. If the existing legislation is amended or repealed, the ongoing cases would be dismissed. While there have been proposals to replace the Emergency Decree with an Act, the parliament has yet to approve any of them.
Judicial actors, the cabinet, or the parliament all have the authority to stop prosecutions under the Emergency Decree. All four channels could be exercised simultaneously, while even one could sufficiently alleviate the legal burden of those exercising their right to freedom of assembly. Such action would be an important step in protecting the right to free expression and freedom of peaceful assembly, and ensuring Thailand’s compliance with its international legal obligations.
Read the full article via iLaw here.
Panel Discussion: Amnesty for Minor Accusations – a Pyrrhic Victory?
On February 12, 2024, the Network for People’s Amnesty, led by iLaw, organized a panel discussion entitled “Amnesty for Minor Accusations – a Pyrrhic Victory?” The panelists, Akarachai Chaimaneekarakate, advocacy lead from Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (TLHR), Yingcheep Atchanont, director of iLaw, youth activist Katanyoo Meunkhamruang, and Assistant Professor Khemthong Tonsakulrungruang, Ph.D., Faculty of Political Science and Chulalongkorn University, discussed the Thai government’s use of the Covid-19 Emergency Decree to suppress peaceful protesters, students, and dissidents calling for national-level reform.
The event served as the launch for iLaw’s report, supported by ICNL, around the government’s abuse of the Emergency Decree, highlighting the number of arrests and cases (in the hundreds) still being prosecuted under the law. Panelists also discussed the need for an amnesty law for political cases and others persecuted unjustly, including those apprehended for purportedly violating the lese-majeste law.
The People’s Amnesty Bill, drafted by the Network for People’s Amnesty, will be considered by Thailand’s Parliament this year. The Bill would cover a period from September 19, 2006, to the date it is enacted, and would grant amnesty to individuals persecuted by the Thai government for exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly. This would those arrested for alleged violations of the lese-majeste provision of the Criminal Code and violations of the provision entitled ‘Public Administration in Emergency Situations B.E. 2548.’ The People’s Amnesty Bill stands in contrast to amnesty bills drafted by other political parties, which do not include amnesty for lese-majeste cases.
