
Recent Developments
One of the key recent legislative developments in Tajikistan were Amendments to the Tax Code (March 11, 2026), which introduced improvements to the tax regime for certain categories of taxpayers, including public organizations and other non-profit organizations (NPOs). The liquidation procedure was simplified for a broader range of entities, including NPOs, through the removal of the requirement to conduct an on-site tax audit upon termination of activities. Additional tax exemptions were introduced for organizations and enterprises employing persons with disabilities. Other recent legislative developments have included:
- Amendments to the Code on Administrative Offenses (CoAO) (December 17, 2025), which increased fines for a range of violations, including breaches of accounting and tax reporting requirements, failure to submit information to tax authorities, non-compliance with lawful requests of officials, and obstruction of tax inspections. Although not specifically targeting CSOs, these changes may increase administrative risks and compliance burdens.
- Amendments to the Law on State Duty (November 1, 2025), which significantly increased registration fees for CSOs. The fee for international CSOs registering a local branch or representative office doubled from 100 to 200 calculation indicators (approximately $1,600), while the fee for registering local public associations (PAs) increased from 5 to 10 indicators (approximately $80). Similar increases apply to political parties and certain professional legal entities. While no new regulatory requirements were introduced, the higher fees raise financial barriers to entry and operation, particularly for smaller organizations.
- Amendments to the Criminal Code (May 14, 2025), which clarified that expressing approval of online content, such as by placing a “like” or similar reaction, does not constitute a criminal offense, enhancing legal certainty for internet users.
- Law on Social Entrepreneurship (January 2, 2025), which established a legal framework for social enterprises, enabling CSOs to engage in social entrepreneurial activities, obtain social enterprise status, and reinvest profits in social objectives. The law also provides for potential state support, such as consultations, grants, and training, although implementation remains limited due to the lack of harmonized legislation and fully developed mechanisms.
While we aim to maintain information that is as current as possible, we realize that situations can rapidly change. If you are aware of any additional information or inaccuracies on this page, please keep us informed; write to ICNL at ngomonitor@icnl.org.
Introduction
In recent years, civil society in Tajikistan has faced a gradual decline in activity and reduced opportunities for development, following a period of steady growth in earlier decades. CSOs continue to operate in areas such as humanitarian and charitable assistance, protection of vulnerable groups, promotion of human rights, and support for social stability and peace. However, their work has increasingly been affected by expanding administrative and legal restrictions, as well as declining levels of external funding. Reduced support from both international and domestic donors has particularly affected the sustainability of organizations operating in the regions outside of Dushanbe.
According to statements from the MoJ in early 2026, approximately 1,700 CSOs were registered in Tajikistan in 2025. Approximately 80% of non-commercial organizations (NCOs) in Tajikistan are PAs. During 2025, 85 organizations were dissolved, including several closed by court decision for alleged non-compliance with their statutory objectives.
According to various sources, between 500 and 800 public organizations have been liquidated in Tajikistan since 2022. The main wave of closures occurred in 2022–2023, when around 650–700 organizations ceased their activities. These developments indicate sustained pressure on the sector and contribute to an increasingly uncertain operating environment for CSOs in Tajikistan.
Civic Freedoms at a Glance
| Organizational Forms | PAs, foundations, institutions, associations (unions) of legal persons, and consumer cooperatives are the main legal-organizational forms of NCOs. |
| Registration Body | The Tax Committee is responsible for the registration of foundations, institutions, associations (unions) of legal persons, and consumer cooperatives. The MoJ is responsible for the registration of PAs. |
| Approximate Number | Obtaining official statistics on the exact number of registered non-profit organizations remains challenging. In early 2026, the MoJ reported that approximately 1,700 CSOs were registered in 2025. |
| Barriers to Formation | Foreign and stateless persons may become founders, members, or participants of PAs only if they have valid residence permits. Registration of a PA may be denied if its charter contradicts the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan (RT); if the submitted constituent documents contain false information; or if the name of the PA is deemed to offend moral, national, or religious values, among other grounds. The registration procedure for PAs is overly bureaucratic and increasingly costly, with extensive documentation requirements. |
| Barriers to Operations | PAs must carry out their activities within the limits of their registered territorial scope. Government authorities have broad powers to carry out intrusive supervision and oversight of PAs. |
| Barriers to Resources | PAs are required to notify the MoJ about grants and other assets received from foreign sources. |
| Barriers to Expression | No legal barriers specific to NCOs, provided that they act in compliance with their bylaws and applicable legislation. Media outlets publishing more than 100 copies of printed materials are subject to mandatory state registration, and authorities have broad discretion to deny registration. Restrictions on the content of published materials include prohibitions on information that discloses state secrets, calls for the violent overthrow of the government, incites ethnic or religious hatred, or promotes extremism, terrorism, or pornography. In practice, opposition figures, activists, and independent journalists are frequently prosecuted on charges related to “terrorism” and “extremism.” |
| Barriers to Assembly | Legislation requires advance notification of at least 15 days and establishes an extensive list of locations where assemblies are prohibited. Foreigners and stateless persons are not allowed to participate in assemblies, marches, and demonstrations. |
Legal Overview
RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
| Key International Agreements | Ratification* |
|---|---|
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) | 1999 |
| Optional Protocol to ICCPR (ICCPR-OP1) | 1999 |
| International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) | 1999 |
| Optional Protocol to ICESCR (Op-ICESCR) | No |
| International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) | 1995 |
| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) | 1993 |
| Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women | 2014 |
| Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) | 1993 |
| International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) | 2002 |
| Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | No |
* Category includes ratification, accession, or succession to the treaty
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
The Constitution of Tajikistan was adopted on November 6, 1994 (and amended June 22, 2003 and May 22, 2016).
Relevant provisions include:
Article 5. Life, honor, dignity, and other natural human rights are inviolable. The rights and liberties of the person and citizen are recognized, observed and protected by the state.
Article 8. In Tajikistan, social life develops on the basis of political and ideological pluralism. No state ideology or religion may be established. Social associations are formed and operate within the framework of the Constitution and laws. The state provides them with equal possibilities in their operations. Religious associations are separate from the state and may not interfere in governmental affairs. The formation and operation of social associations and social associations that advocate racial, ethnic, social or religious animosity or which incite violent overthrow of the constitutional system, as well as the organization of armed groups, are forbidden. No foreign political party may operate in Tajikistan, parties of an ethnic or religious nature are prohibited, and no political party can be financed by any foreign states or organizations, foreign legal entities, or foreign citizens.
Article 10. The Constitution of Tajikistan possesses supreme legal power, and its norms have direct application. Laws and other legal acts that are contrary to the Constitution do not have legal force. The government and all its organs, officials, citizens, and citizens’ associations are obligated to comply with and execute the Constitution and laws of the republic. International legal acts recognized by Tajikistan are a constituent part of the legal system of the republic. In the case of a discrepancy between the laws of the republic and recognized international legal acts, the norms of the international acts are applied. Laws and international legal acts recognized by Tajikistan enter into force after their official publication.
Article 14. The rights and freedoms of the person and the citizen are regulated and protected by the Constitution and laws of the republic, as well as by international legal acts recognized by Tajikistan. Limitations of the rights and freedoms of citizens are only allowed for the purposes of ensuring the rights and freedoms of other citizens, ensuring social order, and protecting the fundamentals of the constitutional system, national security, national defense, public morals, public health, and territorial integrity of the republic.
Article 28. Citizens have the right of association. Each citizen has the right to participate in the formation of political parties, trade unions, and other social associations, as well as voluntarily to join them and resign from them. Political parties help to shape and express the will of people based on political pluralism and participation in political life. Their structure and activities shall conform to democratic norms.
Article 29. Each citizen has the right to participate in lawfully established meetings, protests, demonstrations, and peaceful marches. No one may be forced to participate in these activities.
Article 30. Each person is guaranteed the freedoms of speech and the press, as well as the right to use information media. Governmental censorship and prosecution for criticism is prohibited. The list of information constituting a state secret is specified by law.
NATIONAL LAWS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS
Relevant national-level laws and regulations affecting civil society include:
Law on Social Entrepreneurship (January 2, 2025, not amended).
Civil Code (2022), as amended on May 14, 2025;
Labor Code of Tajikistan (2016), as amended on February 16, 2026;
Tax Code (2021), as amended on December 17, 2025;
Code on Administrative Offenses (2008), as amended on February 16, 2026;
Criminal Code (1998), as amended on December 17, 2025;
Law on Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs (2009), as amended on May 14, 2025;
Law on State Fees (2004), as amended on October 1, 2025;
Law on Public Associations (April 22, 2003), as amended on December 24, 2022;
Law on Association of Water Users (2020), as amended on January 2, 2025;
Law on Anti-Corruption (2020), as amended on December 17, 2025;
Law on State Services (2020), as amended on February 11, 2025;
PENDING REGULATORY INITIATIVES
At the beginning of 2025, Tajikistan’s Ministry of Justice (MoJ) resumed work on a draft Law on Non-Commercial Organizations (draft law). The MoJ convened a working group to revise the draft law and invited several civil society representatives to participate as experts. However, by the end of 2025, the Ministry suspended further work on the draft law, indicating that it intends to review international practice before resuming the legislative process.
Although we make every effort to ensure that the information on this page remains as up to date as possible, we recognize that circumstances can change rapidly. If you are aware of any additional information or inaccuracies on this page, please keep us informed; write to ICNL at ngomonitor@icnl.org.
Legal Analysis
ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS
The Civil Code (CC) defines NCOs as legal entities that do not seek to generate profit as their primary objective and do not distribute any profit among their members, founders, or participants. The key legal organizational forms of NCOs include consumer cooperatives, public or religious organizations (associations), public foundations, institutions, and associations of legal persons (associations and unions).
The available forms of NCOs are defined as follows:
(1) A consumer cooperative is a voluntary membership association of citizens, established for the purpose of satisfying the material (proprietary) needs of its members, and realized through the unification of property (share) contributions by its members. (Article 124 of the CC)
(2) A public or religious organization (association) is a voluntary association of citizens, established for the purpose of satisfying spiritual or other non-material needs. (Article 125 of the CC)
The Law on PAs further defines and categorizes public associations into three groups:
- A public organization is, as a rule, a membership-based organization founded by citizens to pursue common activities and protect common interests in order to attain their statutory goals. (Article 8 of Law on PA)
- A public movement is a mass PA without formal membership, which consists of participants and pursues social and other public benefit goals supported by the participants of the public movement. (Article 9 of the Law on PAs)
- A body of public initiative is a PA without formal membership that aims to address social issues at the community level and implement programs in the locality where it was established. (Article 10 of the Law on PAs)
(3) A foundation is a non-membership non-commercial organization established by individuals or legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions, pursuing charitable, social, cultural, educational, or other public benefit purposes. (Article 126 of the CC)
(4) An institution is an organization created by an owner for conducting administrative, cultural, social, or other non-commercial functions and financed, in whole or in part, by the owner. (Article 128 of CC)
(5) Commercial and non-commercial organizations can create a union of legal entities (association and union). Commercial organizations can create a non-commercial association (union) to coordinate their commercial activities and represent and defend their common property interests. Public and other organizations including institutions can create non-commercial associations (unions) of these organizations. (Article 129 of CC)
PUBLIC BENEFIT STATUS
The Tax Code does not define charitable activity. It instead refers to the Law on Charitable Activity for a definition (Article 15 of the Tax Code).
The Law on Charitable Activity (Article 2) defines charitable activity as the voluntary activity of individuals and legal entities aimed at providing material or other assistance (support), including through the gratuitous or preferential transfer of property or funds to individuals in need or to organizations directly providing such assistance, as well as through the provision of services, performance of work, or engagement in scientific, educational, or other activities carried out in the public interest.
Charitable activities include, for example:
- social support, adaptation, and protection of individuals, including improving financial conditions and supporting the social rehabilitation of unemployed persons, persons with disabilities, and others unable to independently exercise their rights and legitimate interests;
- assistance to large families, low-income households, and other individuals in need of social protection or adaptation;
- assistance to children without parental care and to institutions and individuals responsible for their care;
- promotion of maternal and child health;
- strengthening the prestige and role of the family in society;
- assistance to persons with disabilities and the elderly, as well as organizations that support them;
- assistance to victims of natural disasters, environmental or industrial accidents, social, national, or religious conflicts, as well as victims of repression, refugees, and internally displaced persons;
- support for individuals in need of medical or special care, including covering the cost of treatment or related services (such as travel), or supporting medical institutions providing such services;
- activities in the field of public health protection and promotion of a healthy lifestyle, as well as efforts to improve the moral and psychological well-being of the population;
- promotion of education, science, culture, art, enlightenment, and spiritual development, including the establishment of scholarships;
- other socially significant objectives as defined by the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan.
The Law on Charitable Activity (Article 6) defines a charitable organization as “a non-governmental, non-profit organization established for the purpose of carrying out charitable activities and registered in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan.” It also defines a “charitable foundation” as “a non-membership non-profit organization established by individuals or legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions for charitable purposes.” There is no official data on the number of registered charitable organizations in Tajikistan, although available estimates suggest that their number remains very limited.
The primary legal benefit associated with charitable status applies to donors rather than organizations themselves. According to Article 193(1) of the Tax Code, legal entities subject to profit tax under the general tax regime may deduct donations made to charitable organizations from their taxable income, up to 10 percent of taxable profit (calculated before applying the deduction).
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Laws on Public Participation
The Law on Legal Acts contains a number of provisions on public participation in government decision-making. It provides that the government may, but is not required to, make draft laws or other legal/regulatory documents available for public input and consideration. Interested individuals and legal entities, including CSOs, may be granted access to information on lawmaking activities and, where such access is provided, have the right to review draft legal acts. Lawmakers may consider comments and proposals from interested parties when finalizing legislation, but are not obligated to do so.
Public Access to Participation Opportunities
In practice, public awareness of opportunities to participate in decision-making remains low, and the legislature rarely disseminates information about participatory mechanisms or citizens’ rights. In particular, awareness and use of the Legal Information Internet Portal remain limited, and access is further constrained by technical barriers, including restricted functionality (such as the inability to download documents) and uneven internet access.
While there are some instances in which state bodies conduct open hearings on draft laws and invite CSOs and media, such practices are infrequent and often depend on support from international organizations. These consultations are typically held in major cities or online formats, which limits meaningful participation for individuals in remote areas or those without reliable internet access.
BARRIERS TO FORMATION
Citizens aged 18 or older may become founders, members, or participants in PAs, unless otherwise provided by law.
Foreign nationals and stateless persons may be founders, members, or participants in PAs or NCOs, provided that they are legally domiciled in Tajikistan.
Founders, members, or participants in PAs may not include: government agencies; legal entities (except for other PAs); or individuals whose links to terrorist, extremist, or separatist organizations have been established by a court decision.
Article 23 of the Law on PAs provides the following grounds for refusal to register a PA:
- if the charter of the PA contradicts the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan or other regulatory legal acts of Tajikistan;
- if the required registration documents are incomplete, improperly prepared, or submitted to the wrong authority;
- if another PA with the same name is already registered and operating;
- if the submitted constituent documents contain false information;
- if the name of the PA is deemed to offend moral, national, or religious values.
At the same time, refusal to grant state registration of a PA on the grounds of the inexpediency of its creation is not permitted.
Since November 2025, registration fees have increased significantly. Registration of a local PA now requires payment of 10 calculation units (780 TJS), while republican PAs must pay 20 units (1,560 TJS), and international PAs 200 units (15,600 TJS). One calculation unit equals 78 somoni (approximately $8.2).
The registration process for PAs is highly bureaucratic, requiring the submission of an extensive set of documents to the MoJ. The same applies to foreign NCOs seeking to establish a representative or affiliate office.
Other types of NCOs, including foundations and institutions, are formally registered with the Tax Committee under the Law on State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs, which provides a simplified “one-stop-shop” procedure. In practice, however, state authorities often refuse such registrations and redirect applicants to the MoJ. Very few, if any, NCOs are registered through the Tax Committee, and applicants are informally advised to register as PAs instead.
BARRIERS TO OPERATIONS
The Law on PAs includes several barriers to operations.
For example, according to Article 12, PAs are categorized by, and therefore limited to, a defined territorial scope of activity. An international PA operates within Tajikistan and one or more foreign states, while a national PA may carry out its activities throughout Tajikistan, and a local PA operates within a specific administrative unit such as a region (oblast), city, or district. This territorial principle restricts local PAs from operating outside the area in which they are registered.
In addition, the Law authorizes governmental authorities to engage in highly intrusive forms of supervision of PAs, including the following:
- The power to request and review decisions of the organization’s governing bodies. The MoJ may demand documents relating to governance, including internal policies and management decisions.
- The power to send representatives to an organization’s events. The Law allows the Ministry to send a representative to any event organized by a PA, without clear limitations, including internal meetings such as strategy sessions or grant selection processes.
- The authority to exercise control not only over compliance with legislation but also with the organization’s own internal regulations (bylaws).
- In cases of identified violations, the MoJ may issue a notification requiring the organization to remedy the violation within one month from the date of issuance.
- If the violation is not remedied, the MoJ may suspend the activities of a PA for up to three months.
The grounds for the liquidation of a PA through a court decision and the prohibition of its activities include:
- violation of human and civil rights and freedoms;
- violations of Tajikistan’s legislation;
- systematic engagement in activities contrary to statutory objectives; or
- failure to remedy violations identified in an official notification.
In addition to the MoJ, the Prosecutor’s Office, labor authorities, and the Tax Committee have the authority to conduct inspections of NCO activities.
NCOs are subject to administrative penalties for violations of legislation and their own internal regulations, including:
- The penalty for managing the activities of public or religious associations that are unregistered, suspended, or prohibited is 200 calculation units (approximately $1,650). Participation in such activities is punishable by up to 100 calculation units (approximately $730).
- Funding the activities of illegal public or religious organizations is punishable by fines of 50 calculation units (approximately $415) for individuals, 200 calculation units (approximately $1,650) for officials, and 1,000 calculation units (approximately $8,300) for legal entities.
- Under Article 476 of the CoAO, financing political parties by foreign individuals or legal entities is punishable by fines ranging from 50 to 1,000 calculation units, with possible confiscation of assets or administrative expulsion, depending on the nature of the violation.
- Under Article 474 of the CoAO, violations of legislation on religious associations are punishable by fines ranging from 15 to 600 calculation units, depending on the offense.
- Under Article 474(4) of the CoAO, establishing international connections by religious organizations may result in fines of 100 to 300 calculation units, depending on the violation.
- Under Article 527(1) of the CoAO, failure to comply with legislation on countering money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing is punishable by fines ranging from 100 to 2,000 calculation units, depending on the violation.
Barriers to International Contact
There are no barriers to international contacts for NCOs in general. However, on February 28, 2018, the Ministry of Education (MoE) introduced a decree that requires all students, teachers, professors, and rectors of Tajik educational institutions to obtain advance approval before traveling abroad. In addition, the heads of educational institutions must justify their travel and receive agreement from the MoE on any planned speeches or presentations to be delivered outside of the country. Upon return, all staff of educational institutions are required to submit a written report on their trip to the MoE.
BARRIERS TO RESOURCES
An NCO may engage in economic activities to the extent they advance the purposes for which the organization was created but it may not pursue the generation of profit as its primary purpose (Article 31, Law on PAs). Profit derived from the economic activities of NCOs, including charities, is generally taxed in the same manner as that of commercial organizations.
In addition, PAs are required to notify the MoJ about grants and other assistance received from foreign sources. An NCO must notify the MoJ about any assets received from foreign sources, regardless of value, within 10 days upon their receipt.
BARRIERS TO EXPRESSION
Tajik law does not impose restrictions specific to NCOs. Tajik legislation formally guarantees freedom of expression and media activity (Article 30 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan). Citizens have the right to freedom of expression, including the rights to receive, store, and disseminate information, and censorship is officially prohibited.
In practice, however, these rights are significantly restricted by other laws and regulations. The main regulator of the media is the Law on Periodical Press and Other Mass Media. For example, Article 12 requires mandatory state registration of media outlets publishing more than 100 copies, while authorities retain broad discretion to refuse registration, creating barriers for independent media.
Article 6 of this law imposes restrictions on the content of materials, prohibiting the publication of information that discloses state secrets, calls for the violent overthrow of the government, incites ethnic or religious hatred, or promotes extremism, terrorism, or pornography. The broad wording of these restrictions creates a high risk of sanctions against journalists. In addition, journalists are legally responsible for the accuracy of published information, which may further contribute to self-censorship.
In practice, freedom of expression in Tajikistan is limited by extensive state control over media registration, content regulation, access to official information, and the activities of journalists.
There are no explicit legal barriers restricting the ability of NCOs to engage in advocacy or public policy activities. NCOs may participate in advocacy and lobbying activities. According to Article 24 of the Law on Public Associations, PAs have the right to pursue their statutory goals and to:
- participate in policy-making by government and regulatory authorities in accordance with procedures established by law;
- hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions, and other public events in compliance with legal requirements;
- represent and protect the rights and legal interests of their members, participants, or other citizens before state bodies, organizations, PAs, and courts;
- put forward initiatives on various aspects of public life and submit proposals to the Government; and
- obtain information from the Government as necessary for the implementation of statutory goals, except where restricted by law.
Only charitable organizations are expressly prohibited from using their assets to support political parties, movements, or campaigns (Article 14 of the Law on Charitable Activity).
In practice, however, speech and advocacy are tightly controlled by the state, and opposition figures, activists, and independent journalists are frequently accused of “terrorism” and “extremism.” For example, in December 2022, journalist and civil rights activist Ulfatkhonim Mamadshoeva was sentenced to 21 years in prison, alongside an opposition politician, for alleged “terrorist actions” related to protests in the Gorno-Badakhshan region, which rights groups called politically motivated. One day before being arrested, she told RFE/RL she had nothing to do with the anti-government protests, but after her arrest she made a forced “confession” on television. One day before being arrested, she told RFE/RL she had nothing to do with the anti-government protests, but after her arrest she made a forced “confession” on television.
In May 2023, journalist Khurshed Fozilov was sentenced to seven years in prison for alleged involvement in the activities of unspecified “banned groups.” As a freelance journalist, he reported on social issues and criticized local authorities. His case reflects a broader pattern observed in 2022–2023, during which several journalists and bloggers were sentenced to prison terms ranging from seven to 21 years on charges including dissemination of false information, involvement in extremist or terrorist activities, and cooperation with banned organizations. In addition, numerous human rights defenders and journalists were arrested in 2022 in connection with the government’s response to events in the Gorno-Badakhshan region. Following a visit from November 28 to December 9, 2022, the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders, Mary Lawlor, described the situation as a “climate of fear” for human rights defenders and expressed concern over their treatment.
BARRIERS TO ASSEMBLY
Article 29 of Tajikistan’s Constitution provides that “Each citizen has the right to participate in lawfully established meetings, protests, demonstrations, and peaceful marches. No one may be forced to participate in these activities.” The 2014 Law on Assemblies, Meetings, Demonstrations and Marches (hereinafter – the Law) governs the organization and conduct of assemblies.
In Tajikistan, citizens over the age of 18, groups of citizens, political parties, and public or religious associations may organize peaceful mass events. The organizer must submit an application to the local executive authority no later than 15 days before the event, indicating the purpose, time, place, route, number of participants, and safety measures. Events may be held in open or specially designated locations between 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., subject to requirements relating to public order, safety, sanitation, and protection of property. Participation is voluntary; participants must comply with instructions from organizers and authorities, must not conceal their identity, and must not carry prohibited items. Authorities and law enforcement bodies oversee public order and may suspend or terminate events in case of violations. The organizer is responsible for compliance with legal requirements, maintaining order and safety, and covering costs related to security, medical services, and post-event cleanup.
A mass event may be organized by a citizen, group of citizens, political party, or public or religious association whose organizers are over 18 years old, have no convictions for serious crimes, have not been repeatedly subjected to administrative penalties under specified provisions of the CoAO (Articles 106, 460, 479, 480), and are not foreign nationals or prohibited organizations.
The organizer must submit an application to the local executive authority at least 15 days before the event, specifying the purpose, type, location, date, time, route, number of participants, details of responsible persons, safety measures, medical services, cleanup arrangements, and contact information. The application must include a commitment to comply with the law. The authority may approve, suggest changes, or prohibit the event.
Events are held in open or specially adapted locations from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The organizer must be present, ensure order, comply with sanitary and fire safety rules, protect property, monitor participants, and may suspend or stop the event if necessary, and may conduct preliminary campaigning and use symbols or other means of expression.
Advance Notification
Article 12 of the Law requires organizers to notify the authorities at least 15 days in advance. Article 13 states, “The head of a local executive body of state power or his deputy must consider the application for holding a mass event not later than 5 days before the date of the requested mass event, informing its organizer/s in writing about the decision made.” The Law does not provide exceptions to the advance notification requirement; as a result, spontaneous assemblies are effectively prohibited.
Time, Place and Manner Restrictions
Under Article 18 of the Law, holding a mass event is prohibited if the purpose of the planned mass event is the promotion of an action prohibited by the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan and the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, or if the action itself is so prohibited; if a mass event poses a real threat to the life, health, and safety of citizens and violates their rights and legitimate interests; or if a mass event is held in violation of the provisions of this Law. A mass event is also prohibited if it is supposed to be held in a place or at a time previously declared for holding another mass event, or in a place prohibited or restricted for holding mass events; or a mass event obstructs the movement of vehicles and citizens or interferes with the smooth functioning of organizations; however, in this circumstance, the organizer is offered a different place to hold that event, at another time, or in another form.
The Law does not recognize counter-demonstrations.
Article 15 of the Law includes a broad list of locations where assemblies are prohibited. Some of these places are off-limits for the ostensible reason of protecting the life and safety of citizens, such as near high voltage lines and railroad tracks or on construction sites that are not safe for citizens. However, this list also includes historic and cultural monuments, cemeteries and religious buildings, national parks, pilgrimage sites, territories directly adjacent to the residences of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, buildings occupied by courts, prisons, hospitals and other healthcare and educational institutions, etc. In addition, Article 15 restricts assemblies in “places related to the functioning of life support facilities, transport or social infrastructure, ensuring the movement of pedestrians, vehicles, providing citizens’ access to residential premises and transport and social infrastructure facilities,” which may make it impossible to hold marches that would involve participants’ use of the road infrastructure. The freedom to hold events in proximity to government buildings is limited, as the work of government bodies must not be impeded. The relevant Majlis of Deputies may prescribe the permissible distance from public buildings where demonstrations may be held.
Criminal Penalties and Fines
Organizers or participants of an assembly who violate the terms of the order permitting the demonstration may be subject to administrative fines. In addition, under Articles 22-23 of the Law, law enforcement officials may suspend or terminate a demonstration where:
- the procedures for organizing and holding a mass event, established by the Law are violated;
- a local executive body has issued a decision prohibiting the mass event;
- the grounds specified in the Law appear to prohibit a mass event;
- the organizer of a mass event fails to meet his obligations stipulated by the Law; or
- the organizer and participants of a mass event take actions prohibited by the legislation of the
Republic of Tajikistan.
The Criminal Code also provides for certain liability in relation to violations of the Law, including fines or up to two years imprisonment if the act is committed within one year after the imposition of an administrative penalty.
Additional Resources
This section contains links to external reports and news reports relevant to civic freedoms. The Historical Notes section contains links to past developments which ICNL has reported on. Click a subheading for more, or click here to expand all subheadings.
Additional Resources
GLOBAL INDEX RANKINGS
| Ranking Body | Rank | Ranking Scale (best – worst possible) |
|---|---|---|
| UN Human Development Index | 128 (2023) | 1 – 193 |
| Fund for Peace Fragile States Index | 72 (2024) | 179 – 1 |
| Transparency International | 166 (2025) | 1 – 180 |
| Freedom House: Freedom in the World | Status: Not Free Political Rights: 0 Civil Liberties: 5 (2025) | Free/Partly Free/Not Free 40 – 0 60 – 0 |
REPORTS
| UN Universal Periodic Review Reports | Tajikistan UPR page |
| UN Human Rights Reports | • Tajikistan OHCHR page • Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression on his mission to Tajikistan • UN expert calls for release and retrial of Rukhshona Khakimova |
| U.S. State Department | Tajikistan Human Rights Report 2024 |
| Fund for Peace Fragile States Index Reports | Tajikistan |
| IMF Country Reports | Tajikistan and the IMF |
| Amnesty International | Tajikistan page |
| Human Rights Watch | 2025 World Report: Tajikistan |
| International Center for Not-for-Profit Law Online Library | Tajikistan |
NEWS
Tajikistan doubles registration fees for NGOs, political parties, and legal firms (October 2025)
As of October 1, amendments to Tajikistan’s law “On State Duties” have come into force, significantly increasing registration fees for political parties, public organizations, international NGOs, and legal associations. Under the revised law, the fee for registering a political party has doubled from 3,750 to 7,500 somonis. Registration of international organizations now costs 15,000 somonis, up from the previous 7,500. The registration fee for public organizations has also increased from 750 to 1,500 somonis. Legal entities are also affected by the hike. Establishing a Bar Association now costs 2,250 somonis, compared to 1,125 previously, while opening a law office will require 1,200 somonsi, up from 600.
Two-year Anniversary of the Arrest of Human Rights Defender Manuchehr Kholiqnazarov (May 2024)
For two years, Manuchehr Kholiqnazarov, lawyer and human rights defender in Tajikistan, has been arbitrarily detained and is serving a 16-year prison sentence in reprisal for his human rights work. Six human rights organizations have called for his immediate release.
Civil Society Demands Tajikistan Free Human Rights Lawyer On Eighth Anniversary Of Arrest (September 2023)
As the eighth anniversary of the unjust detention of Tajikistan human rights lawyer Buzurgmehr Yorov approaches, global civil society alliance CIVICUS and the International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) call on the country’s authorities to immediately release him and unconditionally drop all charges. Buzurgmehr has sat in prison since September 28, 2015 and faces decades more behind bars following unjust convictions on false charges.
ARCHIVED NEWS
Tajikistan Adopts New Tax Code That Authorities Say Reduces Tax Burden (November 2021) (Russian)
European Union: It is important to expand cooperation between media, civil society, and the government (August 12, 2020) (Russian)
CSOs express concern about new amendments to Tajik legislation (July 4, 2020) (Russian)
Ministry of Finance of Tajikistan is ready to discuss the draft Tax Code with Civil Society (April 28, 2020) (Russian)
Tajik Civil Society asks to be included in the process of finalizing the new Tax Code (April 3, 2020) (Russian)
Fine for participating in unregistered organizations increases significantly (January 17, 2020) (Russian)
Parliamentarians and civil activists discussed opportunities of social entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan (January 10, 2020) (Russian)
Torture, ill-treatment, the death penalty and shrinking space for NGOs (June 2019)
Tajik Civil Society Seeks Cancellation of Rising Internet Costs (March 2019)
Amendments to the Law on Public Associations (January 2019)
How many Tajik NGOs received money from abroad? (January 2019)
Senior UN official calls for free and open space for civil society in Tajikistan (May 2018)
Tajikistan joins UN convention on persons with disabilities (March 2018)
More than 854 million somoni allocated to support public associations (January 2018) (Russian)
International organizations and NGOs will be checked for corruption (June 2017)
Campaign entitled “I am against torture today, tomorrow, and always!” Implemented (June 2017)
Tajikistan created favorable conditions for the activities of NGOs (June 2017)
MoJ Discusses Draft Notification Format with CSOs (May 2016)
Tajik CSOs Face More Controls (April 2016)
Journalist Community of Tajikistan against New Amendments to Law on Media (February 2016)
Human rights Organizations Concerned over Shrinking Civil Society Space (September 2015)
The Government Does Not Know What It Wants From CSOs (August 2015) (Russian)
Message of CSOs to Tajik authorities: We are Your Friends, not Spies (July 2015) (Russian)
Lawsuit against Public Foundation “Nota Bene” by Tax Authorities (July 2015) (Russian)
Minister of Justice: CSOs Received $4.5 billion Somoni from Foreign Sources (July 2015) (Russian)
State Authorities Start to Audit CSOs (July 2015) (Russian)
The Control on the CSOs will be Stricter (June 2015)
Grants of Tajik CSOs will be Controlled by State Authorities (June 2015)
U.S. Envoy Urges Civil Society To Get Involved In Fight Against Radicalization (November 2014)
Drop Draft Legislation Restricting NGO Access to Funding (November 2014
Draft report on monitoring closed institutions presented (October 2014) (Russian
Tajik student freed, but charges linger (October 2014)
Rare Protests Helped by Authorities’ Invisible Hand? (May 2013)
Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society established in Tajikistan (April 2013)
Dushanbe Web Regulator Creating “Preposterous Impediments” (January 2013)
NGOs feeling heat in winter (November 2012)
Court ruling silences whistleblower on torture, hazing (October 2012)
Tajik authorities must respect human rights and ease access for NGOs to conflict region (July 2012)
OSCE urges Tajikistan to end shutdown of Facebook and other websites critical of leader (April 2012)
Tajik court bans NGO helping homeless children (July 2010)