Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein

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  • Country: Liechtenstein
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As of: 1 February 2009 Text edition

Constitution
of the
Principality of Liechtenstein
(LR 101)
Issued by:
The Government Legal Services of the Principality of Liechtenstein
2009

2
Contents
Articles
Chapter I: The Principality…………………………………………………….. 1-6
Chapter II: The Reigning Prince………………………………………… 7-13ter
Chapter III: Responsibilities of the State……………………………….. 14-27
Chapter IV: General Rights and Obligations of
Liechtenstein Citizens…………………………………….27bis-44
Chapter V: The Parliament………………………………………………….. 45-70
Chapter VI: The National Committee…………………………………… 71-77
Chapter VII: The Government……………………………………………….. 78-94
Chapter VIII: The Courts
A. General Provisions…………………………………………. 95,96
B. The Ordinary Courts………………………………….. 97-101
C. The Administrative Court…………………………..102,103
D. The Constitutional Court…………………………..104,105
Chapter IX: Administrative Bodies and Civil Servants……….106-109
Chapter X: The Municipalities……………………………………………110,111
Chapter XI: Constitutional Amendments and
Interpretation………………………………………………….112,113
Chapter XII: Final Clauses……………………………………………………114,115

3
Liechtenstein Legal Gazette
Year 1921 No. 15 issued on 24 October 1921

Constitution
of the Principality of Liechtenstein
of 5 October 1921 1
We, Johann II, sovereign Reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, Duke of
Troppau, Count of Rietberg, etc. etc. etc. by the Grace of God, make
known herewith that the Constitution of 26 September 1862 has been
amended by Us with the assent of Our Parliament as follows:
Chapter I
The Principality
Article 1 2
1) The Principality of Liechtenstein is a union of two regions with
eleven municipalities. The Principality of Liechtenstein shall serve to
enable the people within its borders to live together in freedom and
peace. The region of Vaduz (Oberland, Upper Country) consists of the
municipalities of Vaduz, Balzers, Planken, Schaan, Triesen and Triesen-
berg; the region of Schellenberg (Unterland, Lower Country) consists of
the municipalities of Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Ruggell and Schellenberg.
2) Vaduz shall be the capital and the seat of Parliament and the Gov-
ernment.

1 Translation from the authoritative German original. 2 Article 1 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

4
Article 2
The Principality is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy on a demo-
cratic and parliamentary basis (articles 79 and 80); the power of the State
is embodied in the Reigning Prince and the People and shall be exercised
by both under the conditions set forth in the provisions of this Constitu-
tion.
Article 3
1
The hereditary succession to the throne within the Princely House of
Liechtenstein, the age of majority of the Reigning Prince and of the He-
reditary Prince, and any applicable guardianship shall be laid down by
the Princely House in the form of a Law on the Princely House.
Article 4
2
1) The borders of the territory of the State may only be changed by
means of a law. Changes to borders between municipalities, the estab-
lishment of new municipalities, and the unification of existing munici-
palities shall additionally require a majority decision of the Liechtenstein
citizens eligible to vote who reside there.
2) Individual municipalities shall be entitled to secede from the union.
The decision on whether to initiate a secession procedure shall be made
by a majority of the Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote who reside
there. Secession shall be regulated by a law or, as the case may be, by an
international treaty. If secession is regulated by a treaty, a second vote
shall be held in the municipality after the treaty negotiations have been
concluded.
Article 5
The coat of arms of the State shall be that of the Princely House of
Liechtenstein; the national colours shall be blue and red.
Article 6
German shall be the national and official language.

1 Article 3 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 4 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

5
Chapter II
The Reigning Prince
Article 7
1) The Reigning Prince is the Head of State and shall exercise his
rights pertaining to the powers of State in accordance with the provisions
of this Constitution and of the other laws.
2) The person of the Reigning Prince shall not be subject to jurisdic-
tion and shall not be legally responsible. The same shall apply to the
member of the Princely House exercising the function of Head of State
on behalf of the Reigning Prince pursuant to article 13bis.
1
Article 8
1) The Reigning Prince shall represent the State in all its relations
with foreign countries, without prejudice to the requisite participation of
the responsible Government.
2) Treaties by which territory of the State would be ceded, State
property alienated, sovereign rights or prerogatives of the State affected,
a new burden imposed on the Principality or its citizens, or an obligation
assumed that would limit the rights of the citizens of Liechtenstein
2 shall
require the assent of Parliament to attain legal force.
Article 9
Every law shall require the sanction of the Reigning Prince to attain
legal force.

1 Article 7 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).

6
Article 10
1
1) The Reigning Prince shall take, through the Government and with-
out participation of Parliament, the measures necessary for the execution
and implementation of the laws and the measures pursuant to his rights
of administration and supervision and shall issue the appropriate ordi-
nances (article 92). In urgent cases, he shall take the necessary measures
for the security and welfare of the State.
2) Emergency decrees may not suspend the Constitution as a whole
or individual provisions thereof but may only limit the applicability of
individual provisions of the Constitution. Emergency decrees may not
curtail the right of each person to life, the prohibition of torture and
inhuman treatment, the prohibition of slavery and forced labour, or the
principle of nulla poena sine lege. Moreover, the provisions of this article,
of articles 3, 13ter, and 113, and of the Law on the Princely House may
not be limited by emergency decrees. Emergency decrees shall expire at
the latest six months after they have been issued.
Article 11
2
The Reigning Prince shall appoint the Judges in accordance with the
provisions of the Constitution (article 96).
Article 12
1) The Reigning Prince shall have the right of pardon, of mitigating or
commuting legally adjudicated sentences, and of quashing initiated inves-
tigations.
2) Only upon the request of Parliament shall the Reigning Prince ex-
ercise his right of pardon or mitigation in favour of a Minister sentenced
on account of his official acts.

1 Article 10 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 11 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

7
Article 13
1
Every successor to the throne shall, prior to receiving the oath of alle-
giance, declare upon his Princely honour and dignity in a written proc-
lamation that he will reign over the Principality of Liechtenstein in ac-
cordance with the Constitution and the other laws, that he will maintain
its integrity, and that he will observe the rights of the Reigning Prince
indivisibly and equally.
Article 13bis
2
The Reigning Prince may entrust the next Heir Apparent of his
House who has attained majority with the exercise of the sovereign powers
held by him as his representative should he be temporarily prevented or
in preparation for the Succession.
Article 13ter
3
Not less than 1,500 Liechtenstein citizens shall have the right to sub-
mit a reasoned motion of no-confidence against the Reigning Prince.
Parliament shall issue a recommendation on such a motion at its next
meeting and order a popular vote (article 66 paragraph 6). If the motion
of no-confidence is adopted in the popular vote, it shall be communi-
cated to the Reigning Prince for consideration according to the Law on
the Princely House. Within six months, the Reigning Prince shall an-
nounce to Parliament the decision made in accordance with the Law on
the Princely House.

1 Article 13 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 13bis amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 13ter inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

8
Chapter III
Responsibilities of the State
Article 14
The highest responsibility of the State shall be to promote the overall
welfare of the People. For this purpose, the State shall be responsible for
establishing and safeguarding law and for protecting the religious, moral
and economic interests of the People.
Article 15
The State shall devote special attention to education and schooling.
Education and schooling shall be designed and administered so that,
through the cooperation of family, school and church, the members of
the younger generation are endowed with religious and moral learning,
patriotic attitudes, and skills for their future occupations.
Article 16
1) The entire system of education and instruction shall be under the
supervision of the State, without prejudice to the inviolability of church
teachings.
2) Education shall be universal and compulsory.
3) The State shall ensure that adequate compulsory instruction in the
elementary subjects is given free of charge in public schools.
4) Religious instruction shall be given by the church authorities.
5) Nobody shall allow young persons in their charge to leave school
without the degree of schooling prescribed for public elementary schools.
6) repealed
1
7) repealed
2

1 Article 16 para. 6 repealed by LGBl. 1972 No. 8. 2 Article 16 para. 7 repealed by LGBl. 1972 No. 8.

9
8) Private instruction shall be permissible, provided that it conforms
with the legal provisions governing the period of schooling, the educa-
tional aims, and the arrangements prevailing in the public schools.
Article 17
1) The State shall support and promote instruction and schooling.
1
2) It shall provide appropriate stipends to help talented students
without financial means attend institutes of higher education.
Article 18
The State shall be responsible for the public health system, shall sup-
port measures for the care of the sick, and shall seek by way of law to
combat alcoholism and to reform alcoholics and work-shy persons.
Article 19
1) The State shall protect the right to work and the workers, espe-
cially women and young persons employed in trades and industry.
2) Sundays and holidays recognized by the State shall be observed as
public days of rest, without prejudice to the legal provisions governing
rest on Sundays and holidays.
Article 20
1) To improve the ability to work and to advance its economic inter-
ests, the State shall promote and support agriculture, the cultivation of
alps, trades and industry; in particular, it shall promote insurance against
damage that endangers work and goods and shall take measures to com-
bat such damage.
2) It shall pay special attention to the design of a transportation infra-
structure conforming to modern requirements.
3) It shall support landslide control measures, afforestation and drain-
age operations and shall turn its attention to and promote all efforts to
open up new sources of income.

1 Article 17 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1972 No. 8.

10
Article 21
The State shall have sovereign rights over bodies of water under the
conditions set forth in the laws existing or to be enacted in this regard.
The use, channelling of, and defence against the bodies of water shall be
regulated by way of law and promoted, with due regard to the develop-
ment of technology. Electricity rights shall be regulated by law.
Article 22
The State shall exercise sovereignty over hunting, fishing and mining;
when enacting laws in this regard, it shall protect the interests of agricul-
ture and of municipal finances.
Article 23
The currency and public credit system shall be regulated by the State.
Article 24
1) Through the enactment of legislation, the State shall provide for
equitable taxation that exempts a minimum subsistence level and draws
more heavily on high assets and income.
2) The financial situation of the State shall be improved to the utmost
possible extent, and special attention shall be paid to opening up new
sources of revenue to meet public needs.
Article 25
Public services for the poor shall be administered by the municipali-
ties under the conditions set forth in specific laws. The State shall, how-
ever, exercise overall supervision of such services. It may grant appropri-
ate subsidies to the municipalities, especially for the proper care of or-
phans, the mentally ill, the terminally ill, and the infirm.
Article 26
The State shall support and promote insurance schemes for health,
old age, disability, and fire.

11
Article 27
1) The State shall provide for rapid court and enforcement proceed-
ings that safeguard material rights and for administrative law proceedings
conforming to the same principles.
2) The professional exercise of the representation of parties shall be
regulated by law.
Chapter IV 1
General Rights and Obligations of Liechtenstein
Citizens
2,3
Article 27bis 4
1) Human dignity shall be respected and protected.
2) No one may be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Article 27ter
5
1) Every person shall have the right to life.
2) The death penalty shall be prohibited.

1 Title preceding article 27bis inserted by LGBl. 2005 No. 267. 2 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
3 Title preceding article 27bis inserted by LGBl. 2005 No. 267. 4 Article 27bis inserted by LGBl. 2005 No. 267. 5 Article 27ter inserted by LGBl. 2005 No. 267.

12
Article 28
1) Every Liechtenstein citizen
1 shall have the right to reside freely in
any location within the territory of the State and to acquire all forms of
property, in accordance with further detailed legal provisions.
2) The entry and exit, stay and residence of foreigners shall be governed
by international treaties and by legislation.
2
3) Persons present within the borders of the Principality shall be
bound to observe its laws and shall be entitled to the protection afforded
by the Constitution and the other laws.
Article 29
1) Every Liechtenstein citizen
3 shall be entitled to civil rights in ac-
cordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
2) All Liechtenstein citizens
4 who have completed their 18th year,
have their normal residence in Liechtenstein, and whose right to vote has
not been suspended shall be entitled to all political rights in national
matters.
5
Article 30
The acquisition and loss of Liechtenstein citizenship shall be deter-
mined by the laws.

1 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
2 Article 28 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2008 No. 310. 3 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
4 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
5 Article 29 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2000 Nr. 55.

13
Article 31
1) All Liechtenstein citizens
1 shall be equal before the law. Public of-
fices shall be equally open to them, subject to observance of the legal
provisions.
2) Men and women shall enjoy equal rights.
2,3
3) The rights of foreigners shall be determined in the first instance by
international treaties, or, in their absence, by reciprocity.
4
Article 32
1) Personal liberty, the immunity of the home and the inviolability of
letters and documents shall be guaranteed.
2) Except in the cases specified by law and in the manner prescribed
by law, no person may be arrested or kept in custody, no houses, per-
sons, letters or documents may be searched, and no letters or documents
may be seized.
3) Persons arrested unlawfully and persons arrested or convicted and
shown to be innocent shall be entitled to full compensation from the
State as determined by the Courts. Whether and to what extent the State
has a right of recourse against third parties in such cases shall be deter-
mined by the laws.
Article 33
1) Nobody may be deprived of his ordinary Judge; special courts may
not be instituted.
2) Penalties may only be threatened or imposed in accordance with
the law.
3) An accused person shall be guaranteed the right of defence in all
criminal matters.

1 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
2 Article 31 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1992 No. 81. 3 “The laws shall determine the amendment of current law concerning the equal rights of
men and women.” (LGBl. 1992 No. 81).
4 Article 31 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1992 No. 81.

14
Article 34
1) The inviolability of private property shall be guaranteed; confisca-
tions may only take place in such cases as determined by law.
2) Copyright shall be regulated by law.
Article 35
1) Where demanded by the public welfare, property of any kind may
be subject to assignment or encumbrance in return for indemnification
that is reasonable, or if in dispute as determined by a Judge.
2) The procedure for expropriation shall be determined by law.
Article 36
Commerce and trade shall be free within the limits prescribed by law;
the admissibility of exclusive commercial and trade privileges for a speci-
fied period of time shall be regulated by law.
Article 37
1) Freedom of religion and conscience shall be guaranteed for all.
2) The Roman Catholic Church is the National Church and as such
shall enjoy the full protection of the State; other denominations shall be
entitled to practice their creeds and to hold religious services within the
limits of morality and public order.
Article 38
Ownership and all other proprietary rights of religious communities
and associations in respect of their institutes, foundations and other pos-
sessions devoted to worship, instruction, and charity shall be guaranteed.
The administration of church property in the parishes shall be regulated
by a specific law; the agreement of the church authorities shall be sought
before the law is enacted.

15
Article 39
The enjoyment of civil and political rights shall be independent of re-
ligious creed; religious creed may not be detrimental to civil obligations.
Article 40
All persons shall have the right to freely express their opinion and to
communicate their ideas verbally, in writing, in print or with images,
within the limits of the law and morality; censorship may only be exer-
cised in respect of public performances and exhibitions.
Article 41
The right of free association and assembly shall be guaranteed within
the limits prescribed by law.
Article 42
The right to petition Parliament and the National Committee shall be
guaranteed; not only individuals whose rights or interests are affected but
also municipalities and bodies shall be entitled to have their wishes and
requests brought before Parliament by a Member of Parliament.
Article 43
The right of complaint shall be guaranteed. Every Liechtenstein citi-
zen
1 shall be entitled to lodge a complaint regarding any action or proce-
dure on the part of a public authority that is contrary to the Constitu-
tion, the law, or ordinances and that is detrimental to his rights or inter-
ests. Such complaint may be addressed to the immediately superior au-
thority and may, if necessary, be pursued to the highest authority, to the
extent that the stages of recourse are not limited by law. If a complaint
thus submitted is rejected by the superior authority, the superior author-
ity shall be required to disclose to the complainant the reasons for its
decision.

1 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).

16
Article 44
1) Every man fit to bear arms shall be required, until the completion
of his 60th year, to serve in the defence of the country in the event of
emergency.
2) Except in this event, armed groups may only be formed and main-
tained to the extent deemed necessary for the provision of the police
service and the preservation of internal order. Further detailed provisions
in this regard shall be laid down by law.
Chapter V
Parliament
Article 45
1) Parliament shall be the legal organ representing all Liechtenstein
citizens
1 and as such shall be called upon to represent and assert the
rights and interests of the People in relation to the Government in accor-
dance with the provisions of this Constitution and to promote to the
extent possible the welfare of the Princely House and of the country
while faithfully adhering to the principles laid down in this Constitution.
2) The rights appertaining to Parliament may only be exercised in its
lawfully constituted assembly.
Article 46
1) Parliament shall consist of 25 Members who shall be elected by the
People by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage according to the
system of proportional representation. The Upper Country (Oberland)
and the Lower Country (Unterland) shall each form a voting district. Of
the 25 Members of Parliament, 15 shall be elected by the Upper Country
and 10 by the Lower Country.
2

1 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
2 Article 46 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1988 No. 11.

17
2) In addition to the 25 Members of Parliament, alternate Members of
Parliament shall be elected in each voting district. Each electoral group
shall be entitled to one alternate Member of Parliament for every three of
its Members of Parliament in a voting district; but an electoral group
shall be entitled to at least one alternate Member of Parliament if it has
obtained a seat in a voting district.
1
3) Seats shall be distributed among electoral groups that have ob-
tained at least eight percent of the valid votes cast in the entire country.
2
4) Members of the Government and the Courts may not be Members
of Parliament at the same time.
3
5) Further details regarding the conduct of the elections shall be laid
down in a specific law.
4
Article 47
1) The term of office in Parliament shall be four years, with the pro-
viso that the regular elections to Parliament shall be held in February or
March of the calendar year in which the fourth year ends. Re-election
shall be permissible.
5
2) repealed
6
Article 48
1) The Reigning Prince shall have the right, subject to the exception
laid down in the following paragraph, to convene Parliament, to pro-
rogue it, and, on significant grounds to be communicated each time to
the assembly, to adjourn it for three months or to dissolve it. Adjourn-
ment, prorogation or dissolution may only be proclaimed before the
assembled Parliament.
7

1 Article 46 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1994 No. 46 and corrected by LGBl. 1994 No. 56. 2 Article 46 para. 3 inserted by LGBl. 1973 No. 49. 3 Article 46 para. 4 amended by LGBl. 1997 No. 46. 4 Article 46 para. 5 inserted by LGBl. 1997 No. 46. 5 Article 47 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1958 No. 1. 6 Article 47 para. 2 repealed by LGBl. 1997 Nr. 46. 7 “Article 48 para. 1 of the Constitution shall be interpreted in such a manner that in the
event of the dissolution of Parliament by the Reigning Prince a four-year term of the
newly elected Parliament shall commence.” (LGBl. 1929 No. 5, Government Publication of
6 June 1929).

18
2) Pursuant to a substantiated written request by at least 1,000 Liech-
tenstein citizens eligible to vote or pursuant to a resolution adopted by
the municipal assemblies of at least three municipalities, Parliament shall
be convened.
1
3) Subject to the same conditions as in the preceding paragraph, 1,500
Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote or four municipalities, by means of
resolutions of their municipal assemblies, may demand a popular vote on
the dissolution of Parliament.
2
Article 49
1) The regular convening of Parliament shall take place at the begin-
ning of each year by Princely ordinance indicating the place, day and
hour of the assembly.
2) The President shall order the meetings within the year.
3) When a period of prorogation has expired, Parliament shall be re-
convened within one month by Princely ordinance.
4) Alternate Members of Parliament shall sit and vote in the place of a
Member of Parliament from their electoral group who is unable to attend
at one or several consecutive meetings.
3
Article 50
Should Parliament be dissolved, new elections must be ordered within
six weeks. The newly elected Members of Parliament shall then be con-
vened within 14 days.
Article 51
4
1) In the case of succession to the throne, Parliament shall be con-
vened to an extraordinary meeting within 30 days to receive the declara-
tion of the Reigning Prince as provided for in article 13 and to take the
oath of allegiance.

1 Article 48 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1947 No. 55 and LGBl. 1984 No. 27. 2 Article 48 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1947 No. 55 and LGBl. 1984 No. 27. 3 Article 49 para. 4 inserted by LGBl. 1939 No. 3. 4 Article 51 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

19
2) If Parliament has just been dissolved, new elections shall be expe-
dited so that Parliament may be convened at the latest on the fortieth day
after the succession to the throne has taken place.
Article 52
1) At its first meeting convened by law, Parliament shall, under the
chairmanship of its oldest member, elect a President and a Vice-President
from its ranks to direct its affairs for the current year.
2) repealed
1
Article 53
2
When a call to convene is issued, the Members of Parliament shall ap-
pear in person at the seat of the Government. If a Member is unable to
appear, he must, on receiving the first call to convene, notify the Gov-
ernment and subsequently the President in a timely manner, stating the
reason he is unable to appear. Should his inability to appear be perma-
nent, a by-election shall be held if no replacement is available pursuant to
the successor system.
Article 54
1) Parliament shall be opened with all due ceremony by the Reigning
Prince in person or by his plenipotentiary. All new Members shall take
the following oath before the Reigning Prince or his plenipotentiary:
“I swear to observe the State Constitution and the existing laws and to
promote in Parliament the welfare of the country, without any ulterior
motives, to the best of my ability and conscience, so help me God!”
2) Members entering Parliament later shall take this oath before the
President.
Article 55
Parliament shall be prorogued by the Reigning Prince in person or by
his plenipotentiary.

1 Article 52 para. 2 repealed by LGBl. 1989 No. 71. 2 Article 53 amended by LGBl. 1939 No. 3.

20
Article 56
1) No Member of Parliament may be arrested for the duration of the
meeting period without the assent of Parliament, unless the Member is
apprehended in flagrante delicto.
2) In the latter case, the arrest and the grounds therefor shall be noti-
fied immediately to Parliament, which shall decide whether the arrest is
to be upheld. Upon the request of Parliament, all documents relating to
the case shall be made available to Parliament immediately.
3) If a Member of Parliament is arrested at a time when Parliament is
not in session, the National Committee shall be notified immediately of
the arrest and the grounds therefor.
Article 57
1) The Members of Parliament shall vote solely in accordance with
their oath and their convictions. They shall never be made to answer for
their votes, and for their utterances at meetings of Parliament or its
committees only to Parliament, and legal action may never be taken
against them in relation thereto.
2) The regulation of disciplinary powers shall be left to the rules of
procedure to be issued.
Article 58
1) A valid decision of Parliament shall require the presence of at least
two thirds of the legally stipulated number of Members of Parliament
and the absolute majority of the Members present, unless otherwise
provided in this Constitution or in the rules of procedure. The same shall
apply to elections to be undertaken by Parliament.
2) In the event of a tie, the President shall have the casting vote after
the third round of voting for an election and after the first round in all
other cases.

21
Article 59
1
1) The Constitutional Court shall decide on election complaints.
2) Parliament shall verify the validity of the election of its Members
and of the election as such on the basis of the election records and of any
decision of the Constitutional Court (validation).
Article 60
Parliament shall by resolution lay down its rules of procedure in ac-
cordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 61
2
Members of Parliament shall receive from the national treasury re-
muneration and travel expenses as determined by law.
Article 62
The scope of action of Parliament shall chiefly encompass the follow-
ing matters:
a) participation in legislation in accordance with the Constitution;
b) participation in the conclusion of treaties (article 8);
c) the establishment of the annual budget and the authorization of taxes
and other public dues;
d) resolution on credits, securities and loans chargeable to the State and
on the purchase and sale of State property;
e) resolution on the accountability report submitted annually by the
Government on the entire State administration;
f) requests, complaints, and supervision with respect to the State ad-
ministration (article 63);
3
g) the impeachment of Ministers before the Constitutional Court for
violations of the Constitution or of other laws;
4

1 Article 59 amended by LGBl. 1958 No. 1. 2 Article 61 amended by LGBl. 1982 No. 13. 3 Article 62(f) amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 4 Article 62(g) amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

22
h) resolution on a motion of no-confidence against the Government or
one of its Ministers.
1
Article 63
1) Parliament shall have the right of supervision over the entire State
administration, including the administration of justice. Parliament shall
exercise this right inter alia through an Administration and Management
Committee elected by Parliament. The supervisory right of Parliament
shall not extend to the jurisprudence of the Courts or to the functions
assigned to the Reigning Prince.
2
2) Parliament shall at any time be at liberty to bring defects or abuses
that it has observed in the State administration directly to the attention of
the Reigning Prince or the Government by way of a remonstrance or
complaint and to request a remedy. The results of the inquiry that shall
be initiated into such a matter and the measures ordered in consequence
shall be communicated to Parliament.
3
3) repealed
4
4) The representative of the Government must be given a hearing and
shall be required to answer parliamentary questions addressed to him by
Members of Parliament.
Article 63bis
5
Parliament shall have the right to appoint committees of inquiry. It
shall be required to do so when at least one quarter of the legally stipu-
lated number of Members of Parliament so request.
Article 63ter
6
Parliament shall have the right to appoint a finance committee to
which the passing of resolutions on the acquisition or alienation of landed
property may also be transferred.

1 Article 62(h) inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 63 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 63 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 4 Article 63 para. 3 repealed by LGBl. 1989 No. 64. 5 Article 63bis inserted by LGBl. 1989 No. 64. 6 Article 63ter inserted by LGBl. 1997 No. 46.

23
Article 64
1) The right of initiative with regard to legislation, i.e., the right of in-
troducing bills, shall appertain to:
a) the Reigning Prince, in the form of Government proposals;
b) Parliament itself;
c) Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote, under the conditions set forth
in the following provisions.
2) If at least 1,000 Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote, whose signa-
tures and right to vote have been certified by the municipal council of
their domicile, submit a request in writing, or if at least three municipali-
ties do so in the form of concurring resolutions of their municipal as-
semblies, to enact, amend or repeal a law, such a request shall be consid-
ered at the next meeting of Parliament.
1
3) If the request from one of the organs referred to in (a) to (c) con-
cerns the enactment of a law that has not already been provided for by
this Constitution and the implementation of which would result either in
a nonrecurrent expenditure not already provided for by the finance act or
in an expenditure over a longer period, such request shall only be consid-
ered by Parliament if it is accompanied by a proposal to cover the neces-
sary funds.
4) An initiative concerning the Constitution may only be brought by
at least 1,500 Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote or by at least four
municipalities.
2
5) Further detailed provisions regarding this popular initiative shall
be laid down in a law.
Article 65
1) Without the participation of Parliament, no law may be enacted,
amended, or declared to be authentic. For any law to attain legal force, it
must, in addition to the assent of Parliament, be sanctioned by the Reign-
ing Prince, countersigned by the responsible Prime Minister or the Dep-
uty Prime Minister, and promulgated in the Liechtenstein Legal Gazette
(Landesgesetzblatt). If the Reigning Prince does not grant his sanction
within six months, it shall be deemed to have been refused.
3

1 Article 64 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1947 No. 55 and LGBl. 1984 No. 27. 2 Article 64 para. 4 amended by LGBl. 1947 No. 55 and LGBl. 1984 No. 27. 3 Article 65 para. 1 sentence 3 inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

24
2) Moreover, a popular vote (referendum) shall be held under the
conditions set forth in the following article.
1
Article 66
1) Every law passed by Parliament that it does not declare to be ur-
gent and every financial resolution that it does not declare to be urgent
and that results in a new nonrecurrent expenditure of at least 300,000
francs or a new annual expenditure of 150,000 francs shall be subject to a
popular vote if Parliament so decides or if at least 1,000 Liechtenstein
citizens eligible to vote or at least three municipalities submit a request to
that effect, in the manner provided for in article 64, within 30 days of the
official announcement of the resolution of Parliament.
2
2) If the resolution concerns the Constitution as a whole or individual
parts thereof, the request must be made by at least 1,500 Liechtenstein
citizens eligible to vote or by at least four municipalities.
3
3) Parliament shall be authorized to call a popular vote on the inclu-
sion of individual principles in a law to be enacted.
4) The popular vote shall be held according to municipality; the abso-
lute majority of the valid votes cast in the entire country shall decide on
acceptance or rejection of the resolution on enactment of the law.
5) Resolutions on the enactment of laws subject to a referendum shall
only be submitted to the Reigning Prince for sanction after the popular
vote has been held or after the stipulated period of thirty days within
which a request for a popular vote may be submitted has expired without
a successful request being submitted.
4
6) If Parliament rejects a bill that has been drawn up in due form and
accompanied if necessary by a proposal to cover the necessary funds and
that has reached it by way of a popular initiative (article 64 paragraph 1
subparagraph c), the bill shall be submitted to a popular vote. The accep-
tance of the bill by the Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote shall then
replace the resolution of Parliament otherwise necessary for the adoption
of a law.
7) Further detailed provisions regarding the referendum shall be laid
down by way of a law.

1 Article 65 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 66 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1996 No. 85. 3 Article 66 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1947 No. 55 and LGBl. 1984 No. 27. 4 Article 66 para. 5 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

25
Article 66bis
1
1) Every resolution of Parliament concerning assent to an interna-
tional treaty (article 8) shall be subject to a popular vote if Parliament so
decides or if at least 1,500 Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote or at least
four municipalities submit a request to that effect, in the manner pro-
vided for in article 64, within 30 days of the official announcement of the
resolution of Parliament.
2) In the popular vote, the absolute majority of the valid votes cast in
the entire country shall decide on acceptance or rejection of the resolu-
tion of Parliament.
3) Further detailed provisions regarding this referendum shall be laid
down in a law.
Article 67
1) Unless it specifies otherwise, a law shall enter into force on expiry
of eight days after the date of its promulgation in the Liechtenstein Legal
Gazette (Landesgesetzblatt).
2) The manner and extent of the promulgation of laws, financial reso-
lutions, international treaties, ordinances, resolutions of international
organizations, and legal provisions applicable pursuant to international
treaties shall be regulated by way of legislation. For the legal provisions
applicable in the Principality of Liechtenstein pursuant to international
treaties, a promulgation may be arranged in a simplified form, such as in
particular publication by reference to foreign compendia of laws.
2
3) The legal provisions applicable to Liechtenstein and those entering
into force in the future pursuant to the Agreement of 2 May 1992 on the
European Economic Area shall be promulgated in an EEA compendium
of laws. The manner and extent of the promulgation in the EEA com-
pendium of laws shall be regulated by way of legislation.
3

1 Article 66bis inserted by LGBl. 1992 No. 27. 2 Article 67 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1996 No. 121. 3 Article 67 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1995 No. 91.

26
Article 68
1) Without the approval of Parliament, no direct or indirect taxes or
any other national dues or general levies, however they may be desig-
nated, may be imposed or collected. The fact that such approval has been
given shall be mentioned explicitly in the tax demand notice.
2) The manner by which all public dues and levies are divided among
and apportioned to persons and objects and the manner by which they
are collected shall also require the approval of Parliament.
3) As a rule, the approval of taxes and dues shall be granted for an
administrative year.
Article 69
1) The Government shall submit to Parliament for review and agree-
ment a budget of all expenditures and revenues pertaining to the National
Administration for the following administrative year, accompanied by a
proposal for the taxes to be levied.
2) For each expired administrative year, the Government shall com-
municate to Parliament, in the first half of the following administrative
year, exact evidence of the use of the revenues approved and levied in
conformity with the budget, subject to the authorization of justified
budget overruns and subject to the accountability of the Government in
the case of unjustified overruns.
3) Subject to the same proviso, the Government shall be entitled to
incur urgent expenditures not provided for in the budget.
4) Any savings attained with respect to individual budget items may
not be used to cover excess expenditures with respect to other items.
Article 70
1
The Government shall administer the financial assets of the State in
accordance with principles it shall determine in agreement with Parlia-
ment. The Government shall submit a report to Parliament together with
the annual accountability report (article 69 paragraph 2).

1 Article 70 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

27
Chapter VI
The National Committee
Article 71
For the period between an adjournment, prorogation, or dissolution
of Parliament and the date it is reconvened, without prejudice to the
provisions of articles 48 to 51 concerning the time limits for the recon-
vening or new elections of Parliament, there shall exist a National Com-
mittee in place of Parliament to handle affairs requiring the participation
of Parliament or of its committees.
Article 72
1) The National Committee shall be composed of the incumbent
President of Parliament, who shall be replaced if unable to attend by the
Vice-President, and of four other members to be elected by Parliament
from its ranks, taking into equal account the Upper Country (Oberland)
and the Lower Country (Unterland).
2) Under all circumstances, Parliament shall be given the opportunity to
hold this election in the same meeting in which its adjournment, proroga-
tion or dissolution is pronounced.
Article 73
The term of office of the National Committee shall expire when Par-
liament reconvenes.
Article 74
In particular, the National Committee shall have the following rights
and duties:
a) to ensure that the Constitution is observed, that the tasks of Parlia-
ment are executed, and that Parliament is reconvened at the right time
if it has been dissolved or adjourned;
b) to audit the accounts of the national treasury and to transmit them to
Parliament, together with its report and its proposals;

28
c) to append its signature to acknowledgements in respect of debts and
securities made out against the national treasury with reference to a
prior resolution of Parliament;
d) to carry out special tasks mandated by Parliament for the preparation
of future parliamentary debates;
e) in urgent cases, to bring matters to the attention of the Reigning
Prince or the Government, and to lodge remonstrances, protests or
complaints in the case of any threat to or violation of constitutional
rights;
1
f) should the circumstances so require, to request the convening of
Parliament.
Article 75
The National Committee may not enter into any permanent obliga-
tion on behalf of the country and shall be responsible to Parliament for
the conduct of its business.
Article 76
1) The meetings of the National Committee shall be convened by the
President as necessary at the seat of the Government.
2) For its decisions to be valid, at least three members must be present.
Article 77
During their meetings, the members of the National Committee shall
receive the same daily allowances and travel expenses as the Members of
Parliament.

1 Article 74(e) amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

29
Chapter VII
The Government
1
Article 78
1) Subject to the following provisions of this article, the entire Na-
tional Administration shall be the responsibility of the collegial Govern-
ment accountable to the Reigning Prince and Parliament in accordance
with the provisions of this Constitution and the other laws.
2
2) Specific affairs may be transferred by law or by virtue of legislative
authorization to be handled independently by individual officials, Gov-
ernment offices or special commissions, subject to recourse to the colle-
gial Government.
3
3) Special commissions may be set up by law to decide on complaints
in the place of the collegial Government.
4
4) For the execution of economic, social and cultural tasks, special
bodies, institutes and foundations under public law may be established
by law and placed under the overall supervision of the Government.
5
Article 79
1) The collegial Government shall consist of the Prime Minister and
four other Ministers
6.
2) The Prime Minister and the other Ministers shall be appointed by
the Reigning Prince with the agreement of Parliament and on its pro-
posal. An alternate shall be appointed in the same manner for the Prime
Minister and for each of the other Ministers to represent the Minister in
question in the meetings of the collegial Government if the Minister is
unable to attend.
7

1 Title preceding article 78 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 78 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1972 No. 8. 3 Article 78 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1964 No. 10. 4 Article 78 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1964 No. 10. 5 Article 78 para. 4 amended by LGBl. 1964 No. 10. 6 Article 79 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22 7 Article 79 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22.

30
3) On the proposal of Parliament, one of the Ministers shall be ap-
pointed by the Reigning Prince as the Deputy Prime Minister.
1
4) The Ministers must be citizens of Liechtenstein and eligible for
election to Parliament.
2
5) When the collegial Government is appointed, care shall be taken
that at least two Ministers are from each of the two regions. Their alter-
nates shall be chosen from the same region.
3
6) The term of office of the collegial Government shall be four years.
Until a new Government has been appointed, the incumbent Ministers
shall be responsible for carrying on Government business, unless article
80 applies.
4
Article 80
5
1) If the Government should lose the confidence of the Reigning
Prince or of Parliament, its authority to exercise its functions shall expire.
Until a new Government takes office, the Reigning Prince shall appoint a
transitional Government to manage the entire National Administration
in the interim (article 78 paragraph 1), in application of the provisions of
article 79 paragraphs 1 and 4. The Reigning Prince may also appoint
Ministers of the outgoing Government to the transitional Government.
Before the expiry of four months, the transitional Government shall
submit to a vote of confidence in Parliament, unless the Reigning Prince
appoints a new Government beforehand by mutual agreement with and
on the recommendation of Parliament (article 79 paragraph 2).
2) If an individual Minister should lose the confidence of the Reign-
ing Prince or of Parliament, the decision on the loss of the authority of
the Minister to exercise his functions shall be taken by mutual agreement
of the Reigning Prince and Parliament. Until a new Minister has been
appointed, the official duties of the Minister shall be performed by the
Minister’s alternate.

1 Article 79 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 2 Article 79 para. 4 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 79 para. 5 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 4 Article 79 para. 6 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22 and LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 5 Article 80 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

31
Article 81
1
For a decision of the collegial Government to be valid, at least four
Ministers must be present and a majority of the Ministers present must
vote in favour. In the event of a tie, the chairman shall have the casting
vote. Voting shall be compulsory.
Article 82
The grounds on which a Minister shall be excluded from the per-
formance of an official act or may be debarred therefrom shall be deter-
mined by way of legislation.
Article 83
2
The conduct of business by the Government shall be partly collegial,
partly ministerial.
Article 84
3
The collegial Government shall issue its rules of procedure by way of
an ordinance.
Article 85
4
The Prime Minister shall chair the Government. He shall see to the
affairs directly entrusted to him by the Reigning Prince, shall countersign
the laws and any decrees or ordinances issued by the Reigning Prince or
a Regent, and shall enjoy the privileges to which the representative of the
Reigning Prince is prescribed to be entitled at public ceremonies.

1 Article 81 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 2 Article 83 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 3 Article 84 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 4 Article 85 amended by LGBl. 1972 No. 8.

32
Article 86
1) The Prime Minister shall submit oral or written reports to the
Reigning Prince with regard to matters subject to the disposal of the
Sovereign.
2) The texts of the sovereign resolutions issued on his proposal shall
be signed by the Reigning Prince personally and shall additionally be
countersigned by the Prime Minister.
Article 87
The Prime Minister shall take his oath of office before the Reigning
Prince or the Regent; the other Ministers and the State employees shall
be sworn in by the Prime Minister.
Article 88
1
If the Prime Minister should be unable to perform his responsibili-
ties, the Deputy Prime Minister shall take over those functions that the
Constitution explicitly accords to the Prime Minister. If the Deputy
Prime Minister should also be unable to perform his responsibilities, the
eldest Minister shall take his place.
Article 89
The Prime Minister shall sign the decrees and orders issued on the ba-
sis of collegial consideration by the Government; he shall also be entitled
to supervise directly the conduct of business in the Government.
Article 90
1) All of the more important matters assigned to be dealt with by the
Government, especially the settlement of administrative disputes, shall be
subject to the consideration and decision of the collegial Government.
Certain less important matters may be delegated by law to be dealt with
independently by the Ministers responsible in accordance with the dis-
tribution of Government affairs.
2

1 Article 88 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 2 Article 90 para. 1 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22.

33
2) Minutes of meetings shall be taken by the Permanent Government
Secretary, or, if he should be unable to do so, by a substitute determined
by the collegial Government.
1
3) The Prime Minister shall execute the resolutions of the collegial
Government. Only in the case that he believes a resolution violates exist-
ing laws or ordinances may he delay its execution; he shall then, how-
ever, immediately bring the matter to the attention of the Administrative
Court, which shall, without prejudice to the right of appeal of a party,
decide on the execution.
2
Article 91
3
To prepare matters to be decided collegially and to enable affairs to
be handled independently that have been designated accordingly by law,
the collegial Government shall distribute its affairs among the Prime
Minister and the other Ministers at the beginning of their term in office.
Mutual substitution shall be provided for in cases of inability to perform
official functions.
Article 92
4
1) The Government shall be responsible for the execution of all laws
and of all legally permissible mandates by the Reigning Prince or Parlia-
ment.
2) The Government shall issue the ordinances necessary to give effect
to the laws and the directly applicable international treaties; these ordi-
nances must remain within the scope of the laws and the directly applica-
ble international treaties.
3) To implement other treaty obligations, the Government may issue
the necessary ordinances, provided that no enactments of laws are re-
quired.

1 Article 90 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 2 Article 90 para. 3 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22 and LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 91 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22. 4 Article 92 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

34
4) The entire National Administration itself may only act within the
limits of the Constitution, the laws, and treaty provisions; even in mat-
ters in which the law grants the Administration free discretion, the limits
imposed thereon by the laws must be strictly observed.
Article 93
The following matters in particular shall fall within the sphere of ac-
tion of the Government:
a) supervision of all authorities and employees subordinate to the Gov-
ernment and the exercise of disciplinary powers in respect of employ-
ees;
1
b) allotment of the staff required for the Government and the other
authorities;
c) monitoring of the prisons and overall supervision of the treatment of
prisoners on remand and of convicts;
d) administration of State buildings;
e) monitoring of the lawful and uninterrupted conduct of business of
the ordinary courts;
2
f) submission of the report on its official activities to be presented an-
nually to Parliament;
g) drafting of Government proposals for submission to Parliament and
the appraisal of proposals submitted to it for that purpose by Parlia-
ment;
h) deciding on urgent expenditures not included in the budget.
Article 94
3
The organization of the Administration shall be regulated by law.

1 Article 93(a) amended by LGBl. 2008 No. 145. 2 Article 93(e) amended by LGBl. 2007 No. 346. 3 Article 94 amended by LGBl. 1965 No. 22.

35
Chapter VIII
The Courts
1
A. General Provisions 2
Article 95 3
1) The entire administration of justice shall be carried out in the name
of the Reigning Prince and the People by legally bound Judges appointed
by the Reigning Prince (article 11). The decisions of the Judges in the
form of judgments shall be issued and drawn up “in the name of the
Reigning Prince and the People”.
2) In the exercise of their judicial office within the lawful limits of
their powers and when engaged in judicial proceedings, the Judges shall
be independent. They shall include grounds with their decisions and
judgments. The involvement of non-judicial organs in jurisprudence shall
only be permissible to the extent explicitly provided for by the Constitu-
tion (article 12).
3) Judges within the scope of this article are the Judges of all ordinary
Courts (articles 97 to 101), the Judges of the Administrative Court (arti-
cles 102 and 103), and the Judges of the Constitutional Court (articles 104
and 105).
Article 96
4
1) The Reigning Prince and Parliament shall avail themselves of a
joint body for the selection of Judges. The Reigning Prince shall chair
this body and have the casting vote. He may appoint as many members
to this body as the number of representatives delegated by Parliament.
Parliament shall delegate one of its Members for each electoral group
represented in Parliament. The Government shall delegate the Minister of
Justice. The deliberations of the body shall be confidential. The body
may only recommend candidates to Parliament with the consent of the
Reigning Prince. If Parliament elects the recommended candidate, the
Reigning Prince shall appoint this candidate as Judge.

1 Title preceding article 95 inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186 2 Title preceding article 95 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 95 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 4 Article 96 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

36
2) If Parliament rejects the candidate recommended by the body, and
if no agreement on a new candidate can be reached within four weeks,
then Parliament shall recommend an opposing candidate and call a popu-
lar vote. In the event of a popular vote, Liechtenstein citizens eligible to
vote shall also have the right to nominate candidates subject to the condi-
tions of an initiative (article 64). If more than two candidates are voted
on, the vote shall be conducted in two rounds in accordance with article
113 paragraph 2. The candidate obtaining the absolute majority of the
votes cast shall be appointed as Judge by the Reigning Prince.
3) A Judge appointed pro tempore shall remain in office until a succes-
sor has been sworn in.
B. The Ordinary Courts 1
Article 97 2
1) Ordinary administration of justice shall be carried out in the first
instance by the Princely Court of Justice in Vaduz, in the second instance
by the Princely Court of Appeal in Vaduz, and in third instance by the
Princely Supreme Court.
2) The organization of the ordinary Courts, their procedures, and the
court fees shall be laid down by law.
Article 98
3
The handling of particular, precisely specified kinds of business per-
taining to the administration of justice in the first instance may be as-
signed by means of a law to specially trained non-judicial employees of
the Court of Justice who are bound by instructions (Rechtspfleger).

1 Title preceding article 97 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 97 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 98 amended by LGBl. 2008 No. 145.

37
Article 99
1
The fiscal authorities and the officials of the Princely domains shall be
subject to appear before the ordinary Courts as plaintiffs and defendants.
Article 100
2
1) The procedure in civil disputes shall be regulated in accordance
with the principles of oral proceedings, direct hearings, and free evalua-
tion of the evidence. In criminal matters, the principle of ex officio prose-
cution shall also apply.
2) In civil matters, the ordinary administration of justice in the first
instance shall be carried out by one or more individual Judges.
3) The Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court shall be collegial
Courts.
4) In criminal matters, justice shall be administered in the first in-
stance at the Court of Justice by the same, if applicable by the Court of
Lay Assessors, by the Criminal Court, or by the Juvenile Court.
Article 101
3
1) The President of the Court of Justice shall exercise supervision over
the Judges of the Court of Justice.
2) The President of the Court of Appeal shall be responsible for su-
pervision of the President of the Court of Justice and the Judges of the
Court of Appeal. He shall exercise disciplinary powers over the Judges of
the Court of Justice.
3) The President of the Supreme Court shall be responsible for super-
vision of the President of the Court of Appeal and the Judges of the Su-
preme Court. He shall exercise disciplinary powers over the Judges of
the Court of Appeal and of the Supreme Court.
4) A Judicial Service Senate consisting of three Judges of the Supreme
Court versed in the law shall exercise supervision and disciplinary pow-
ers over the President of the Supreme Court.

1 Article 99 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 100 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 101 amended by LGBl. 2007 No. 346.

38
C. The Administrative Court 1
Article 102 2
1) The Administrative Court shall consist of five Judges and five alter-
nate Judges appointed by the Reigning Prince (article 96). The majority
of the Judges must have Liechtenstein citizenship. The majority of the
Judges must be versed in the law.
2) The term of office of the Judges and the alternate Judges of the
Administrative Court shall be five years. The terms of office shall be
structured in such a manner that a different Judge or alternate Judge
leaves office each year. At the time of the first appointment, the duration
of the term of office of the five Judges and the five alternate Judges shall
be determined by lot. If a Judge or an alternate Judge should leave office
early, a successor shall be appointed for the remaining term of office of
the departing Judge.
3) The five Judges shall annually elect a Chairman and a Deputy
Chairman from their ranks. Re-election shall be permissible.
4) If a Judge is unavailable, the Judge shall be substituted in the case at
hand by an alternate Judge. The substitution shall be undertaken by the
principle of rotation from case to case.
5) Unless otherwise provided for by law, all decisions or orders of the
Government and of the special commissions constituted on behalf of the
collegial Government (article 78 paragraph 3) shall be subject to the legal
remedy of appeal to the Administrative Court.
Article 103
3
Further detailed provisions concerning court procedures, the duty of
Judges to recuse themselves, remuneration, and fees to be paid by the
parties shall be laid down in a specific law.

1 Title preceding article 102 inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 102 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 103 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

39
D. The Constitutional Court 1
Article 104
1) A Constitutional Court shall be established by way of a specific
law as a court of public law to protect the rights guaranteed by the Con-
stitution, to decide in conflicts of jurisdiction between the Courts and the
administrative authorities, and to act as a disciplinary court for the Minis-
ters.
2) The Constitutional Court shall also have jurisdiction to review the
constitutionality of laws and international treaties and the legality of
Government ordinances; in such matters, it may declare their annulment.
Finally, it shall also act as an electoral tribunal.
2
Article 105
3
The Constitutional Court shall consist of five Judges and five alter-
nate Judges appointed by the Reigning Prince (article 96). The President
of the Constitutional Court and the majority of the Judges must be citi-
zens of Liechtenstein. The provisions of article 102 shall apply mutatis
mutandis.
Chapter IX
Administrative Bodies and Civil Servants
4
Article 106 5
Open-ended judicial positions may only be created with the consent
of Parliament.

1 Title preceding article 104 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 104 para. 2 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 105 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 4 Title preceding article 106 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 5 Article 106 amended by LGBl. 2008 No. 145.

40
Article 107
1
The organization of the authorities shall be determined by way of
legislation. Subject to treaty agreements, the seat of all authorities must
be within the territory of the country; collegial authorities must include
at least a majority of Liechtenstein citizens.
Article 108
2
Members of the Government, State employees, and all mayors, their
deputies, and the municipal treasurers shall take the following oath upon
appointment:
“I swear that I will be loyal to the Reigning Prince, that I will obey the
laws, and that I will strictly observe the Constitution, so help me God.”
Article 109
3
1) The State, the municipalities and the other bodies, institutes and
foundations under public law shall be liable for damage unlawfully
caused to third parties by persons acting in an official capacity as their
organs. If the damage is intentional or reckless, the right of recourse to
the responsible persons shall be reserved.
2) Persons acting as organs shall be liable to the State, the municipal-
ity, or other body, institute or foundation under public law in whose
service they are for the damage they directly cause them through the
intentional or reckless breach of their official duties.
3) Further detailed provisions, in particular relating to jurisdiction,
shall be laid down by law.

1 Article 107 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 108 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 109 (109bis) inserted by LGBl. 1964 Nr. 10 and amended by LGBl. 2003 No.
186.

41
Chapter X
The Municipalities
1
Article 110
1) Laws shall determine the territory, organization and responsibili-
ties of the municipalities in their own sphere of action and in that as-
signed to them.
2) The following principles shall be established in the municipal laws:
a) free election of the mayor and of the other organs of the municipality
by the municipal assembly;
b) autonomous management of the municipal assets and of the admini-
stration of the municipal police under the supervision of the national
Government;
c) maintenance of well-ordered services for the poor under the supervi-
sion of the national Government;
d) the right of the municipality to grant citizenship and the freedom of
Liechtenstein citizens
2 to reside in any municipality.
Article 111
3
All Liechtenstein citizens who are at least eighteen years of age and
whose right to vote has not been suspended shall be eligible to vote in
municipal matters in the municipality in which they reside.

1 Title preceding article 110 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 “The term ‘Landesangehörige’ (Liechtenstein citizens) employed by the Constitution is
to be understood as referring to all persons holding Liechtenstein national citizenship
without distinction of sex.” (LGBl. 1971 No. 22).
3 Article 111 (110bis) amended by LGBl. 2000 No. 55 and LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

42
Chapter XI
Constitutional Amendments and Interpretation
1
Article 112 2
1) The present Constitutional deed shall be universally binding after
its promulgation as the fundamental law of the country.
2) Amendments to or universally binding interpretations of this fun-
damental law may be proposed either by the Government or by Parlia-
ment or by way of an initiative (article 64). They shall require unanimity
of the Members of Parliament present or a majority of three quarters of
the Members present at two consecutive meetings of Parliament voting in
favour, a popular vote if called for (article 66), and in any event the sub-
sequent assent of the Reigning Prince, with the exception of the proce-
dure to abolish the monarchy (article 113).
Article 113
3
1) Not less than 1,500 citizens shall have the right to submit an initia-
tive to abolish the monarchy. If the initiative is adopted by the People,
Parliament shall draw up a new Constitution on a republican basis and
submit it to a popular vote after one year at the earliest and two years at
the latest. The Reigning Prince shall have the right to present a new Con-
stitution for the same popular vote. In the event of such an initiative, the
procedure governed by the following provision shall replace the proce-
dure to amend the Constitution as laid down in article 112 paragraph 2.
2) If only one draft has been presented, its adoption shall require only
an absolute majority (article 66 paragraph 4). If two drafts have been
presented, each Liechtenstein citizen eligible to vote shall have the possi-
bility of choosing between the existing Constitution and the two drafts.
In this case, each Liechtenstein voter shall have two votes in the first
voting round. The voter may allocate these votes to the two constitu-
tional alternatives that the voter wishes to see proceed to the next voting
round. The two constitutional alternatives that attain the most first and
second votes shall proceed to the second voting round. In the second
voting round, which shall be held 14 days after the first, each Liechten-

1 Title preceding article 112 inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 112 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 113 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

43
stein voter shall have one vote. The Constitution shall be adopted that
receives an absolute majority (article 66 paragraph 4).
Chapter XII
Final Clauses
1
Article 114 2
All laws, ordinances and statutory provisions that contradict any ex-
plicit provision of the present Constitutional deed shall hereby be re-
pealed and rendered invalid; those legal provisions inconsistent with the
spirit of this fundamental law shall be revised to conform with the Con-
stitution.
Article 115
3
1) My Government shall be entrusted with the execution of this Con-
stitution.
2) The Government shall prepare the laws provided for in this Con-
stitution with all possible dispatch and shall introduce them for consid-
eration in accordance with the Constitution.

1 Title preceding article 114 inserted by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 2 Article 114 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186. 3 Article 115 amended by LGBl. 2003 No. 186.

44
Vaduz, 5 October 1921
For His Serene Highness, the Reigning Prince Johann II of Liechtenstein,
and on His behalf as duly authorized by His Highest letter of 2 October
1921:
Signed: Karl
Signed: Jos. Ospelt
Princely Counsellor
The following two letters are attached to the original deed of the Consti-
tution:
My dear Counsellor Ospelt,
I have noted with deep satisfaction that the Parliament of My Princi-
pality unanimously adopted the new Constitution at its meeting of the
24th of August 1921.
In granting My sovereign sanction to this decision, I express the sin-
cere wish and the hope that, just as the representatives of My People have
reached unanimous agreement, without distinction as to party, on the
creation of such an important legislative work for the country, the same
spirit of harmony shall in the future also unite the population of My
Country in peaceful work for the lasting good of the whole and every
part thereof and that, with the long-standing and likewise continuing
cooperation of State and Church, under the protection of God, My Peo-
ple and My Country may enjoy renewed happiness and rich blessings on
the basis of the new fundamental law of the State.
I would have liked to sign the Constitutional deed in person at
Vaduz, the capital of My Country, as you requested, among My loyal
and beloved People; to my sincere regret, I am unable to do so at the
present time for reasons of health.

45
However, to express my joy at the completion of this great work of
reform nonetheless and to give My Country a proof of My fatherly love,
I entrust, in accordance with article 13 of the new Constitution, my be-
loved nephew who is now in the Country, His Serene Highness, Prince
Karl of Liechtenstein, with the signing of the Constitutional deed on My
behalf at Vaduz, on the 5th of October of this year, the day when, with
God’s merciful blessing, I hope to complete my eighty-first year.
At the same time, I send to My beloved People My sovereign greet-
ings and with all my heart express my thanks and appreciation to those
who with a single accord contributed to the successful completion of the
new Constitution.
I charge you with the public communication of these My decisions.
Felsberg, 2 October 1921
Signed: Johann
Signed: Jos. Ospelt
Princely Counsellor
My dear Nephew Prince Karl,
In accordance with article 13 of the Constitution of the Principality
of Liechtenstein adopted by the Parliament of My Principality at its
meeting of the 24th of August 1921 and sanctioned by Me, I entrust You,
Your Grace, with the signature on My behalf of the new Constitutional
deed on My birthday, the 5th of October 1921, at Vaduz, the capital of
My Principality.
I remain, Your Grace, always Your most affectionate and obliging
Uncle.
Felsberg, 2 October 1921
Signed: Johann
Signed: Jos. Ospelt
Princely Counsellor