Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998

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  • Country: South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Document Type: Domestic Law or Regulation
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Prepared by: In partnership with:
(7 September 1999 – 2 February 2003 )

[This version applied as from 7 September 1999 , i.e. the date of commencement of the Prevention of Organised Crime Second
Amendment Act 38 of 1999 – to – 2 February 2003 , the day before commencement of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 ]

PREVENTION OF ORGANISED CRIME ACT 121 OF 1998

(Gazette No. 19553 , Notice No. 1579 dated 4 December 1998 . Commencement date: 21 January 1999
[Proc No. R 6, Gazette No. 19697] )

As amended by

Prevention of Organised Crime Amendment Act 24 of 1999 – Gazette No. 19973, No. 505 dated 28 April
1999. C ommencement date: 28 April 1999

Prevention of Organised Crime Second Amendment Act 38 of 1999 – Gazette No. 20447, No 1087 dated 7
September 1999. Comm encement date: 7 September 1999

____________
(English text signed by the President)
(Assented to 24 November 1998 )
________________

ACT

To introduce measures to combat organised crime, money laundering and criminal gang activities; to
prohibit certain activities relating to racketeering activities; to provide for the prohibition of money
laundering and for an obligation to report certain information; to criminalise certain activities
associate d with gangs; to provide for the recovery of the proceeds of unlawful activity; for the civil
forfeiture of criminal assets that have been used to commit an offence or assets that are the
proceeds of unlawful activity; to provide for the establishment of a Criminal Assets Recovery
Account; to amend the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, 1992; to amend the International Co –
operation in Criminal Matters Act, 1996; to repeal the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996; to incorporate the
provisions contained in the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996; and to provide for matters connected
therewith.

PREAMBLE

WHEREAS the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996),
enshrines the rights of all people in the Republic and affirms the de mocratic values of human dignity, equality
and freedom;

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AND WHEREAS the Constitution places a duty on the State to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights
in the Bill of Rights;

AND WHEREAS there is a rapid growth of organised crime, money launde ring and criminal gang activities
nationally and internationally and since organised crime has internationally been identified as an international
security threat;

AND WHEREAS organised crime, money laundering and criminal gang activities infringe on the rights of the
people as enshrined in the Bill of Rights;

AND WHEREAS it is the right of every person to be protected from fear, intimidation and physical harm
caused by the criminal activities of violent gangs and individuals;

AND WHEREAS organised crime , money laundering and criminal gang activities, both individually and
collectively, present a danger to public order and safety and economic stability, and have the potential to
inflict social damage;

AND WHEREAS the South African common law and statutor y law fail to deal effectively with organised
crime, money laundering and criminal gang activities, and also fail to keep pace with international measures
aimed at dealing effectively with organised crime, money laundering and criminal gang activities;

AN D BEARING IN MIND that it is usually very difficult to prove the direct involvement of organised crime
leaders in particular cases, because they do not perform the actual criminal activities themselves, it is
necessary to criminalise the management of, and related conduct in connection with enterprises which are
involved in a pattern of racketeering activity;

AND WHEREAS no person convicted of an offence should benefit from the fruits of that or any related
offence, whether such offence took place before or after the commencement of this Act, legislation is
necessary to provide for a civil remedy for the restraint and sei zure, and confiscation of property which forms
the benefits derived from such offence;

AND WHEREAS no person should benefit from the fruits of unlawful activities, nor is any person entitled to
use property for the commission of an offence, whether such a ctivities or offence took place before or after
the commencement of this Act, legislation is necessary to provide for a civil remedy for the preservation and
seizure, and forfeiture of property which is derived from unlawful activities or is concerned in t he commission
or suspected commission of an offence;

(Ninth paragraph of the Preamble substituted by the above two paragraphs by section 13 of Act 38 of 1999)

AND WHEREAS there is a need to devote such forfeited assets and proceeds to the combatting of
organised crime and money laundering;

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AND WHEREAS the pervasive presence of criminal gangs in many communities is harmful to the well being
of those communities, it is necessary to criminalise participation in or promotion of criminal gang activities;

BE IT THEREFORE ENACTED by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows: –

INDEX

CHAPTER 1
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION

1. Definitions and interpretation of Act

CHAPTER 2
OFFENCES RELATING TO RACKETEERING ACTIVITIES

2. Offences
3. Penal ties

CHAPTER 3
OFFENCES RELATING TO PROCEEDS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES

4. Money laundering
5. Assisting another to benefit from proceeds of unlawful activities
6. Acquisition, possession or use of proceeds of unlawful activities
7. Failure to report suspicion regarding proceeds of unlawful activities
7A. Defence
(Heading inserted by section 10 of Act 24 of 1999)
8. Penalties

CHAPTER 4
OFFENCES RELATING TO CRIMINAL GANG ACTIVITIES

9. Gang related offences
10. Penalties
11. Interpretation of member of criminal gang

CHAPTER 5
PROCEEDS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES

PART 1
APPLICATION OF CHAPTER

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12. Definitions and interpretation of Chapter
13. Proceedings are civil, not criminal
14. Realisable property
15. Value of property
16. Gifts
17. Conclusion of proceedings against defendant

PART 2
CONFISCATION ORDERS

18. Confiscation orders
19. Value of proceeds of unlawful activities
20. Amounts which might be realised
21. Statements relating to proceeds of unlawful activities
22. Evidence r elating to proceeds of unlawful activities
23. Effect of confiscation orders
24. Procedure where person absconds or dies
24A Order to remain in force pending an appeal
(Heading inserted by section 14 of Act 38 of 1999)

PART 3
RESTRAINT ORDERS

25. Cases in which restraint orders may be made
26. Restraint orders
27. Seizure of property subject to restraint order
28. Appointment of curator bonis in respect of property subject to restraint order
29. Orders in respect of immovable property subject t o restraint order
29A. Variation and rescission of certain orders suspended by appeal
(Heading inserted by section 14 of Act 38 of 1999)

PART 4
REALISATION OF PROPERTY

30. Realisation of property
31. Application of certain sums of money
32. Functions of curator bonis
33. Exercise of powers by High Court and curator bonis
34. Variation of confiscation orders
35. Effect of sequestration of estates on realisable property
36. Effect of winding -up of companies or other juristic persons on realisable property

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CHAPTER 6
CIVIL RECOVERY OF PROPERTY

PART 1
INTRODUCTION

37. Proceedings are civil, not criminal

PART 2
PRESERVATION OF PROPERTY ORDERS

38. Preservation of property orders
39. Notice of preservation of property orders
40. Durat ion of preservation of property orders
41. Seizure of property subject to preservation of property order
42. Appointment of curator bonis in respect of property subject to preservation of property order
43. Orders in respect of immovable property subjec t to preservation of property order
44. Provision for expenses
45. Maximum legal expenses that can be met from preserved property
46. Taxation of legal expenses
47. Variation and rescission of orders

PART 3
FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY

48. Application for forfeiture order
49. Late entry of appearance
50. Making of forfeiture order
51. Notice of reasonable grounds that property is concerned in commission of offence
52. Exclusion of interests in property
53. Forfeiture order by default
54. Exclusion of interests in forfeited property
55. Appeal against forfeiture order
56. Effect of forfeiture order
57. Fulfilment of forfeiture order

PART 4
GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PRESERVATION AND FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY

58. Offence may form the basis of mul tiple orders
59. Application of Chapter to deceased estates
60. Effect of death of joint owner of preserved property

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61. Expedition of applications
62. Procedure and rules of court

CHAPTER 7
CRIMINAL ASSETS RECOVERY ACCOUNT

63. Establishment of Criminal Assets Recovery Account
64. Finances of Account
65. Establishment of Committee
66. Conditions of service, remuneration, allowances and other benefits of certain members of Committee
67. Meetings of committee
68. Objects of Committee
69. Power s and functions of Committee
69A. Utilisation of Account and accountability
(Heading inserted by section 37 of Act 24 of 1999)
70. Other matters to be prescribed

CHAPTER 8
GENERAL PROVISIONS

71. Access to information
72. Investigations
73. Sharing of information
74. Hearing of court to be open to public
75. Offences relating to misuse of information, failure to comply with order of court, and hindering of
person in performance of functions
76. Jurisdiction of courts
77. Regulations
78. Liability
79. Amendment and repeal of laws
80. Transitional arrangement
81. Short title and commencement

SCHEDULE 1
(Sections 1, 38, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58 and 73)
SCHEDULE 2
Amendment of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, 1992
(Act No. 140 of 1992)
(Section 79)
SCHEDULE 3
Amendment of the International Co -operation in Criminal Matters Act, 1996
(Act No. 75 of 1996)

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(Section 79)

(References to Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 substituted by section 2(d) of Act 24 of 1999)

CHAPTER 1
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION

1. Definitions and interpretation of Act

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates –

“Account” means the Criminal Assets Recovery Account established under section 63;

“authorised police official” means any official of the South African Polic e Service who is authorised
by the National Director or the National Commissioner of Po lice to act under this Act;

“Committee” means the Criminal Assets Recovery Committee establis hed in terms of section 65;
(Definition of “committee” substituted by secti on 3(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

“criminal gang” includes any formal or informal ongoing organisation, association, or group of three
or more persons, which has as one of its activities the commission of one or more criminal offences,
which has an identifiable name or identifying sign or symbol, and who se members individually or
collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activi ty;

“enterprise” includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other juristic person or
legal entity, and any union or group of indi viduals associated in fact, although not a juris tic person or
legal entity;

“High Court” , includes for the purposes of Chapters 2, s ections 25 to 29 of Chapter 5 and Chapter 6
any judge thereof;

“instrumentality of an offence” means any property which is concerned in the commission or
suspected commission of an offence at any time before or after the commencement of this Act,
whether committed within the Republic or elsewhere;
(Definition of “ Ainstrumentality ” substituted by section 3(b) of Act 24 of 199 9)
(Definition of “instrumentality ” substituted by section 1(a) of Act 38 of 1999)

“interest” includes any right;

“Minister” means the Minister of Justice;

“National Director” means –

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(a) for the purposes of section 65(2)(d), the National Director of Public Prosecutions appointed in
terms of section 179(1)(a) of the Constitution;

(b) for the purposes of sections 2(4), 71 or 72 the National Director of Public Prosecutions
appointed as contemplated in paragraph (a) and includes a Director of Public Pros ecutions, an
Investigating Director of Public Prosecutions and a Special Director of Public Prosecutions
referred to in section 1 of the National Prosecution Authority Act, 1998 (Act No. 32 of 1998),
who is authorised thereto in writing by the National Dir ector in a specific case or in general;

(c) for the purposes of all other relevant provisions of this Act, the National Director of Public
Prosecutions appointed as contemplated in paragraph (a) and includes any functionary referred
to in section 1 of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998, which is under the control of the
National Director and authorised thereto by the National Director in a specific case or in general;

“pattern of criminal gang activity” includes the commission of two or more cri minal offences
referred to in Schedule 1: Provided that at least one of those offences occurred after the date of
commencement of Chapter 4 and the last of those offences occurred within three years after a prior
offence and the offences were committed –

(a) on separate occasions; or

(b) on the same occasion, by two or more persons who are members of, or belong to, the same
criminal gang;

“pattern of racketeering activity” means the planned, ongoing, continuous or repeated participation
or involvement in any offence referred to in Schedule 1 and includes at least two offences referred to
in Schedule 1, of which one of the offences occurred after the commencement of this Act and the last
offence occurred within 10 years (excluding any period of imprisonmen t) after the commission of such
prior offence referred to in Schedule 1;

“prescribed” means prescribed by regulation under section 77;

“preservation of property order” means an order referred to in section 38;

‘proceeds of unlawful activities’ means any property or any service , advantage, benefit or reward
which was derived, received or retained, directly or indirectly, in the Republic or elsewhere, at any time
before or after the commencement of this Act, in connection with or as a result of any unlawfu l activity
carried on by any person, and includes any property representing property so derived;
(Definition of “proceeds of unlawful activity ” amended by section 3(c) of Act 24 of 1999)
(Definition of “ proceeds of unlawful activity ” substituted by section 1(b) of Act 38 of 1999)

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“property” means money or any other movable, immovable, corporeal or incorporeal thing and
includes any rights, privileges, claims and securities and any interest therein and all proceeds thereof;

"unlawful activity” mean s any conduct which constitutes a crime or which contravenes any law
whether such conduct occurred before or after the commencement of this Act and whether such
conduct occurr ed in the Republic or elsewhere;

(Definition of “ unlawful activity ” inserted by section 1(c) of Act 38 of 1999)

(2) For purposes of this Act a person has knowledge of a fact if –

(a) the person has actual knowledge of that fact; or

(b) the court is satisfied that –

(i) the person believes that there is a reasonable possibility of the existence of that fact; and

(ii) he or she fails to obtain information to confirm the existence of that fact.

(3) For the purposes of this Act a person ought reasonably to have known or suspe cted a fact if the
conclusions that he or she ought to have reached are those which would have been reached by a
reasonably diligent and vigilant person having both –
(Words preceding paragraph (a) of section 1(3) substituted by section 3( d) of Act 24 of 1 999)

(a) the general knowledge, skill, training and experience that may reasonably be expected of a
person in his or her position; and

(b) the general knowledge, skill, training and experience that he or she in fact has.

(4) Nothing in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 shall be construed to limit prosecution under any other provision of the
law.

(5) Nothing in this Act or in any other law, shall be construed so as to exclude the application of any
provision of Chapter 5 or 6 on account of the fact that –

(a) any offence or unlawful activity concerned occurred; or

(b) any proceeds of unlawful activities were derived, received or retained,

before the commencement of this Act.
(Section 1(5) added by section 1(d) o f Act 38 of 1999)

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CHAPTER 2
OFFENCES RELATING TO RACKETEERING ACTIVITIES

2. Offences

(1) Any person who –

(a)
(i) receives or retains any property derived, directly or indirectl y, from a pattern of
racketeering activit y; and
(Sec tion 2(1)(a)(i) substituted by section 4(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(ii) knows or ought reasonably to have known that suc h property is so derived ; and
(Section 2(1)(a)(ii) substituted by section 4(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(iii) uses or invests, directly or indirectly, any part of such property in acquisition of any
interest in, o r the establishment or operation or activities of, any enterprise;

(b)
(i) receives or retains any property, directly or indirectly, on behalf of any enterprise; and

(ii) knows or ought reasonably to have known that such property derived or is derived from
or through a pattern of racketeering activity;
(Section 2(1)(b )(ii) substituted by section 4( b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(c)
(i) uses or invests any property, directly or indirect ly, on behalf of any enterprise or in
acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation or activities of any
enterprise; and

(ii) knows or ought reasonably t o have known that such property derived or is derived from
or through a pattern of racketeering activity;
(Section 2(1)(c )(ii) substituted by section 4( c) of Act 24 of 1999)

(d) acquires or maintains, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise through a
pattern of racketeering activity;

(e) whilst managing or employed by or associated with any enterprise, conducts or participates in
the conduct, directly or indirectly, of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering
activity;

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(f) manages the operation or activities of an enterprise and who know s or ought reasonably to
have known that any person, whilst employed by or associated with that enterprise, conducts or
participates in the conduct, directly or indirectly, of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of
racketeering activity; or
(Sectio n 2(1)(f ) substituted by section 4( d) of Act 24 of 1999)

(g) conspires or attempts to violate any of the provisions of paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f),

within the Republic or elsewhere, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) The court may hear evi dence, including evidence with regard to hearsay, similar facts or previous
convictions, relating to offences contemplated in subsection (1), notwithstanding that such evidence
might otherwise be inadmissible, provided that such evidence would not render a trial unfair.

(3) For purposes of proving a previous conviction during a trial in respect of an offence contemplated in
subsection (1), it shall be sufficient to prove the original record of judicial proceedings if a copy of such
record, certified or pur porting to be certified by the registrar or clerk of the court or other official having
the custody of the record of such judicial proceedings or by the deputy of such registrar, clerk or other
official or, in the case where judicial proceedings are taken down in shorthand or by mechanical
means, by the person who transcribed such proceedings, as a true copy of such record, is produced in
evidence at such trial, and such copy shall be prima facie proof that any matter purporting to be
recorded thereon was c orrectly recorded.

(4) A person shall only be charged with committing an offence contemplated in subsection (1) if a
prosecution is authorised in writing by the National Director.

3. Penalties

(1) Any person convicted of an offence referred to in section 2(1) shall be liable to a fine not exceeding R1
000 million, or to imprisonment for a period up to imprisonment for life.

(2) Notwithstanding any other law dealing with the penal jurisdiction of the regional court, if a regional
court, after it ha s convicted an accused of an offence referred to in section 2(1) following on –

(a) a plea of guilty; or

(b) a plea of not guilty,

but before sentence, is of the opinion that the offence in respect of which the accused has been
convicted merits punishme nt –

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(i) in excess of the penal jurisdiction of the regional court but not exceeding a fine of R100 million
or a period of 30 years imprisonment, the regional court shall have jurisdiction to impose such
penalty even though that penalty exceeds the penal jurisdiction of that court; or

(ii) exceeding a fine of R100 million or a period of 30 years imprisonment or merits imprisonment
for life, the regional court shall stop the proceedings and commit the accused for sentence by a
High Court having jurisdictio n.

(3) If a regional court has committed an accused for sentence by a High Court in terms of subsection (2)
the provisions of section 52 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1997 (Act No. 105 of 1997),
notwithstanding the provisions of section 53, shall app ly with the necessary changes regarding the
referral by the regional court to the High Court.

CHAPTER 3
OFFENCES RELATING TO PROCEEDS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES

4. Money laundering

Any person who knows or ought reasonably to have known that property is or forms part of the
proceeds of unlawful activities and –

(a) enters into any agreement or engages in any arrangement or transaction with anyone in
connection with that property, whether such agreement, arrangement or transaction is legally
enforceable or n ot; or

(b) performs any other act in connection with such property, whether it is performed independently
or in concert with any other person,

which has or is likely to have the effect –

(i) of concealing or disguising the nature, source, location, disp osition or movement of the said
property or the ownership thereof or any interest which anyone may have in respect thereof; or
(Section 4(i) substituted by section 6(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(ii) of enabling or assisting any person who has committed or commits an offence, whether in the
Republic or elsewhere –

(aa) to avoid prosecution; or

(bb) to remove or diminish any property acquired directly, or indirectly, as a result of the
commission of an offence,

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shall be guilty of an offence.

5. Assisting another to benefit from proceeds of unlawful activities

Any person who knows or ought reasonably to have known that another person has obtained the
proceeds of unlawful activities, and who enters into any agreement with anyone or engages in any
arrangement or transaction whereby –
(Words preceding section 5(a ) substituted by section 7 of Act 24 of 1999)

(a) the retention or the control by or on behalf of the said other person of the proceeds of unlawful
activities is facilitated; or

(b) the said proceeds of unlawful activities are used to make funds available to the said other
person or to acquire property on h is or her behalf or to benefit him or her in any other way,

shall be guilty of an offence.

6. Acquisition, possession or use of proceeds of unlawful activities

Any person who –

(a) acquires;

(b) uses; or

(c) has possession of,

property and who knows or ought reasonably to have known that it is or forms part of the proceeds of
unlawful activities of another person, shall be guilty of an offence.
(Section 6 substituted by section 8 of Act 24 of 1999)

7. Failure to report suspicion regarding proceeds of unlawful activities

(1) Any person who carries on a business or is in charge of, or manages a business undertaking or who is
employed by a business undertaking and who suspects or ought reasonably to have suspected that –
(Words preceding section 7(1)( a) substituted by section 9(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(a) any property which comes into his or her possession or the possession of the said business
undertaking is, or forms part of, the proceeds of unlawful activities;

(b) a transaction to which he or she o r the business undertaking is a party will facilitate the transfer
of the proceeds of unlawful activities; or

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(c) a transaction to which he or she or the business undertaking is a party and which is
discontinued –

(i) may have brought the proceeds of unl awful activities into possession of the person or
business undertaking; or

(ii) may have facilitated the transfer of the proceeds of unlawful activities, had that
transaction been concluded,
(Section 7(1)(c)(ii) substituted by section 9(b) of Act 24 of 19 99)

must report his or her suspicion and all available information concerning the grounds on which it rests,
within a reasonable time to a person designated by the Minister and shall take all reasonable steps to
discharge such obligation.

(2) A report un der subsection (1) shall be accompanied by copies of documentation directly relevant to
that suspicion and the grounds on which it rests.

(3) A person to whom a report may be made under subsection (1) may, in writing, require the person
making the report to provide him or her or an official identified in the request with –

(a) particulars or further particulars of any matter concerning the suspicion to which the report
relates and the grounds upon which it rests; and

(b) copies of all available documents concerning such particulars or further particulars.

(4) When a person receives a request under subsection (3) he or she shall furnish the person who made
the request with the requested particulars or further particulars and copies of documents to the ext ent
that such particulars or documents are available to him or her within a reasonable time.

(5)
(a) No obligation as to secrecy and no other restriction on the disclosure of information as to the
affairs or business of another, whether imposed by any law , the common law or any agreement,
shall affect any obligation imposed under this section to report or disclose information or to
permit access to any registers, records or other documents unless that obligation of secrecy or
other restriction is based on the common law right to professional privilege between an attorney
and his or her client in respect of information communicated to the attorney so as to enable him
or her to provide advice, to defend the client or to render other legal assistance to the cl ient in
connection with an offence under any law in respect of which the client is charged, in respect of
which he or she has been arrested or summoned to appear in court or in respect of which an
investigation with a view to instituting criminal proceedin gs is being conducted against him or
her.

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(Section 7(5)(a) substituted by section 9(e) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) No liability based on a breach of an obligation as to secrecy or any restriction on the disclosure
of information, whether imposed by any law, th e common law or any agreement, shall arise from
a disclosure of any information in compliance with any obligation imposed by this section.

(6) A person who is a party to a transaction in respect of which he or she forms a suspicion which in his or
her opi nion should be reported under subsection (1), may continue with that transaction and must
ensure that all records relating to that transaction are kept and that all reasonable steps are taken to
discharge the obligation under this section.

(7) Any person who fails to comply with an obligation contemplated in this section shall be guilty of an
offence.

7A. Defence

If a person is charged with negligently committing an offence under section 2(1)(a) or (b), 4, 5 or 6,
that person may raise as a defence the fact that he or she had reported a suspicion in terms of section
7.
(Section 7A inserted by section 10 of Act 24 of 1999)

8. Penalties

(1) Any person convicted of an offence contemplated in section 4, 5 or 6 shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding R100 million, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 30 years.

(2) Any person convicted of an offence contemplated in section 7(7), shall be liable to a fine, or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding 15 years.

CHAPTER 4
OFFENCES RELATING TO CRIMIN AL GANG ACTIVITIES

9. Gang related offences

(1) Any person who actively participates in or is a member of a criminal gang and who –

(a) wilfully aids and abets any criminal activity committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in
association with any criminal gang;

(b) threatens to commit, bring about or perform any act of violence or any criminal activity by a
criminal gang or with the assistance of a criminal gang; or

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(c) threatens any specific person or persons in general, with retaliation in any manner or by any
means whatsoever, in response to any act or alleged act of violence,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) Any person who –

(a) performs any act which is aimed at causing, bringing about, promoting or contributing towards a
pattern of criminal gang activity;

(b) incites, instigates, commands, aids, advises, encourages or procures any other person to
commit, bring about, perfo rm or participate in a pattern of criminal gang activity; or

(c) intentionally causes, encourages, recruits, incites, instigates, commands, aids or advises
another person to join a criminal gang,

shall be guilty of an offence.
(Words following s ection 9( 2)(c) substituted by section 11 of Act 24 of 1999)

10. Penalties

(1) Any person convicted of an offence contemplated in –

(a) section 9(1) or (2)(a) shall be liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six
years;

(b) section 9(2)(b) or (c), shall be liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding
three years;

(c) section 9(1) or (2)(a) and if the offence was committed under circumstances referred to in
subsection (2) shall be liable to a fine, or to imprisonm ent for a period not exceeding eight
years;

(d) section 9(2)(b) or (c), and if the offence was committed under circumstances referred to in
subsection (2) shall be liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years.

(2) If the offence contemplated in section 9 is committed on the premises or grounds of, or within 500
metres of a public or private school, or any other educational institution, during hours in which the
facility is open for classes or school related programm es or when minors are using the facility, such
fact shall be regarded as an aggravating circumstance .
(Section 10(2) substituted by section 12 of Act 24 of 1999)

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(3) If a court, after having convicted an accused of any offence, other than an offence conte mplated in this
Chapter, finds that the accused was a member of a criminal gang at the time of the commission of the
offence, such finding shall be regarded as an aggravating circumstance for sentencing purposes.
(Section 10(3) substituted by section 12 of Act 24 of 1999)

11. Interpretation of member of criminal gang

In considering whether a person is a member of a criminal gang for purposes of this Chapter the court
may, have regard to the following factors, namely that such person –

(a) admits to crimi nal gang membership;

(b) is identified as a member of a criminal gang by a parent or guardian;

(c) resides in or frequents a particular criminal gang’s area and adopts their style of dress, their use
of hand signs, language or their tattoos, and associates with known members of a criminal
gang;

(d) has been arrested more than once in the company of identified members of a criminal gang for
offences which are consistent with usual c riminal gang activities ;
(Section 11(d) substituted by section 13(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(e) is identified as a member of a criminal gang by physical evidence such as photographs or other
documentation.

CHAPTER 5
PROCEEDS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES

PART 1
APPLICATION OF CHAPTER

12. Definitions and interpretation of Chapter

(1) In this Chapter, unless the context indicates otherwise –

(i) “affected gift” means any gift –

(a) made by the defendant concerned not more than seven years before the fixed date; or
(Section 12(1)(i)(a) amended by section 14(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) made by the defendant concerned at any time, if it was a gift –

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(i) of property received by that defendan t in connection with an offence committed by
him or her or any other person; or

(ii) of property, or any part thereof, which directly or indirectly represented in that
defendant’s hands property received by him or her in that connection,

whether any such gift was made before or after the commencement of this Act;

(ii) “confiscation order” means an order referred to in section 18(1);

(iii) “defendant” means a person against whom a prosecution for an offence has been instituted,
irrespective of whether he or she has been convicted or not, and includes a person referred to
in section 25(1)(b);

(iv) “fixed date” , in relation to a defendant –

(a) if a prosecution for an offence has been instituted against the defendant, means the date
on which such prosecution has been instituted; or
(Section 12(1)(iv)(a) amended by section 14(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) if a restraint order has been made against the defendant, means the date of such
restraint order,

whichever is the earlier date;

(v) “realisable property” means property referred to in section 14;

(vi) “restraint order” means an order referred to in section 26(1);

(2) In this Chapter, except where it is inconsistent with the context or clearly inappropriate, any reference –

(a) to a person who holds property shall be construed as a reference to a person who has any
interest in the property, and –

(i) if the estate of such person has been sequestra ted, also to the trustee of his or her
insolvent estate; or
(Section 12(2)(a)(i) substituted by section 2 of Act 38 of 1999)

(ii) if such person is a company or other juristic person which is being wound up, also to the
liquidator thereof;

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(b) to a person who transfers property to any other person shall be construed as a reference to a
person who transfers or grants to any other person any interest in the property;

(c) to anything received in connection with an offence shall be construed as a ref erence also to
anything received both in that connection and in some other connection.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter, a person has benefited from unlawful activities if he or she has at
any time, whether before or after the commencement of this Act , received or retained any proceeds of
unlawful activities .
(Section 12(3) substitut ed by section 14( d) of Act 24 of 1999)

13. Proceedings are civil, not criminal

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter proceedings on application for a confiscation order or a restraint
order are civil proceedings, and are not criminal proceedings.

(2) The rules of evidence applicable in civil proceedings apply to proceedings on application for a
confiscation order or a restraint order.

(3) No rule of evidence applicable on ly in criminal proceedings shall apply to proceedings on application
for a confiscation order or restraint order.

(4) No rule of construction applicable only in criminal proceedings shall apply to proceedings on
application for a confiscation order or res traint order.

(5) Any question of fact to be decided by a court in any proceedings in respect of an application
contemplated in this Chapter shall be decided on a balance of probabilities.

14. Realisable property

(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), the following property shall be realisable in terms of this
Chapter, namely –

(a) any property held by the defendant concerned; and

(b) any property held by a person to whom that defendant has directly or indirectly made any
affected gift .

(2) Property shall not be realisable property if a declaration of forfeiture is in force in respect thereof.

15. Value of property

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(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, the value of property, other than money, in relation to any person
holding the property, shall be –

(a) where any other person holds an interest in the property –

(i) the market value of the property; less

(ii) the amount required to discharge any encumbrance on the property; and

(b) where no other person holds an interest in the property, the market value of the property.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), any reference in this Chapter to the value at a
particular time of a payment or reward, shall be construed as a reference to –

(a) the value of the payment or reward at the time when the recipient received it, as adjusted to
take into account subsequent fluctuations in the value of money; or

(b) where subsection (3) applies, the value mentioned in that subsection, whichever is the great er
value.

(3) If at the particular time referred to in subsection (2) the recipient holds –

(a) the property, other than cash, which he or she received, the value concerned shall be the value
of the property at the particular time; or

(b) property which directly or indirectly represents in his or her hands the property which he or she
received, the value concerned shall be the value of the property, in so far as it represents the
property which he or she received, at the relevant time.
(Section 15(3) sub stituted by section 15 of Act 24 of 1999)

16. Gifts

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a defendant shall be deemed to have made a gift if he or she has
transferred any property to any other person directly or indirectly for a consideration the value o f which
is significantly less than the value of the consideration supplied by the defendant.

(2) For the purposes of section 20(2) the gift which a defendant is deemed to have made shall consist of
that share in the property transferred by the defendant w hich is equal to the difference between the
value of that property as a whole and the consideration received by the defendant in return.

17. Conclusion of proceedings against defendant

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For the purposes of this Chapter, the proceedings contemplated in terms of this Chapter against a
defendant shall be concluded when –

(a) the defendant is acquitted or found not guilty of an offence;

(b) subject to section 18(2), the court convicting the defendant of an offence, sentences the
defendant without making a confiscation order against him or her;

(c) the conviction in respect of an offence is set aside on review or appeal; or

(d) the defendant satisfies the confiscation order made against him or her.

PART 2
CONFISCATION ORDERS

18. Confiscation orders

(1) Whenever a defendant is convicted of an offence the court convicting the defendant may, on the
application of the public prosecutor, enquire into any benefit which the defendant may have derived
from –

(a) that offence;

(b) any other offence of which th e defendant has been convicted at the same trial; and

(c) any criminal activity which the court finds to be sufficiently related to those offences,

and, if the court finds that the defendant has so benefited, the court may, in addition to any
punishment which it may impose in respect of the offence, make an order against the defendant for
the payment to the State of any amount it considers appropriate and the court may make any further
orders as it may deem fit to ensure the effectiveness and fairness of that order.

(2) The amount which a court may order the defendant to pay to the State under subsection (1) –

(a) shall not exceed the value of the defendant’s proceeds of the offences or related criminal
activities referred to in that subsection, as deter mined by the court in accordance with the
provisions of this Chapter; or

(b) if the court is satisfied that the amount which might be realised as contemplated in section 20(1)
is less than the value referred to in paragraph (a), shall, not exceed an amoun t which in the
opinion of the court might be so realised.

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(3) A court convicting a defendant may, when passing sentence, indicate that it will hold an enquiry
contemplated in subsection (1) at a later stage if –

(a) it is satisfied that such enquiry will unreasonably delay the proceedings in sentencing the
defendant; or

(b) the public prosecutor applies to the court to first sentence the defendant and the court is
satisfied that it is reasonable and justifiable to do so in the circumstances.

(4) If the judicial officer who convicted the defendant is absent or for any other reason not available, any
judicial officer of the same court may consider an application referred to in subsection (1) and hold an
enquiry referred to in that subsection and he or she may in such proceedings take such steps as the
judicial officer who is absent or not available could lawfully have taken.

(5) No application referred to in subsection (1) shall be made without the written authority of the National
Director.

(6) A court b efore which proceedings under this section are pending, may –

(a) in considering an application under subsection (1) –

(i) refer to the evidence and proceedings at the trial;

(ii) hear such further oral evidence as the court may deem fit;

(iii) direct the public prosecutor to tender to the court a statement referred to in section
21(1)(a); and

(iv) direct a defendant to tender to the court a statement referred to in subsection (3)(a) of
that section;

(b) subject to subsection (1)(b) or (3)(b) of sect ion 21, adjourn such proceedings to any day on
such conditions not inconsistent with a provision of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No.
51 of 1977), as the court may deem fit.

19. Value of proceeds of unlawful activities

(1) Subject to the provisio ns of subsection (2), the value of a defendant’s proceeds of unlawful activities
shall be the sum of the values of the property, services, advantages, benefits or rewards received ,
retained or derived by him or her at any time, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, in
connection with the unlawful activity carried on by him or her or any other person.
(Section 19(1) substituted by section 16(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

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(2) In determining the value of a defendant’s proceeds of unlawful activities t he court shall –

(a) where it has made a declaration of forfeiture or where a declaration of forfeiture has previously
been made in respect of property which is proved to the satisfaction of the court –

(i) to have been the property which the defendant received in connection with the criminal
activity carried on by him or her or any other person; or

(ii) to have been property which directly or indirectly represented in the defendant’s hands
the property which he or she received in that connection,

leave the property out of account;

(b) where a confiscation order has previously been made against the defenda nt leave out of
account those proceeds of unlawful activities which are proved to the satisfaction of the court to
have been taken into account in determining the amount to be recovered under that confiscation
order.

20. Amounts which might be realised

(1) For the purposes of section 18(2 )(b) or 21(3)(a), the amount which might be realised at the time of the
making of a confiscation order against a defendant shall be the amount equal to the sum of –
(Words preceding section 20(1)(a) substituted by section 17(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(a) the values at that time of all realisable property held by the defendant; and

(b) the values at that time of all affected gifts made by the defendant,

less the sum of all obligations, if any, of the defendant having priorit y and which the court may
recognise for this purpose.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 15(1) but subject to the provisions of section 16(2), the value
of an affected gift at the time of the making of the relevant confiscation order shall be –

(a) the value of the affected gift at the time when the recipient received it, as adjusted to take into
account subsequent fluctuations in the value of money; or

(b) where subsection (3) applies, the value mentioned in that subsection,

whichever is the greater value.

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(3) If at the time of the making of the relevant confiscation order the recipient holds –

(a) the property, other than cash, which he or she received, the value concerned shall be the value
of the property at that time; or

(b) the property which directly or indirectly represents in his or her hands the property which he or
she received, the value concerned shall be the value of the property, in so far as it represents
the property which he or she received, at the time.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1), an obligation has priority at the time of the making of the relevant
confiscation order –

(a) if it is an obligation of the defendant, where he or she has been convicted by a court of any
offence –

(i) to pay a fine imposed b efore that time by the court; or

(ii) to pay any other amount under any resultant order made before that time by the court;

(b) if it is an obligation which –

(i) if the estate of the defendant had at that time been sequestrated; or

(ii) where the defendant is a company or other juristic person, if such company or juristic
person is at that time being wound up,

would be payable in pursuance of any secured or preferent claim against the insolvent estate or
against such company or juristic perso n, as the case may be.

(5) A court shall not determine the amounts which might be realised as contemplated in subsection (1)
unless it has afforded all persons holding any interest in the property concerned an opportunity to
make representations to it in connection with the realisation of that property.

21. Statements relating to proceeds of unlawful activities

(1)
(a) The public prosecutor may or, if so directed by the court, shall tender to the court a statement in
writing under oath or affirmation by him or her or any other person in connection with any matter
which is being enquired into by the court under section 18(1), or which relates to the
determination of the value of a defendant’s proceeds of unlawful activities.

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(b) A copy of such statement shall be served on the defendant at least 14 days before the date on
which that statement is to be tendered to the court.

(2)
(a) The defendant may dispute the correctness of any allegation contained in a statement referred
to in subsection (1)(a), and if the defendant does so dispute the correctness of any such
allegation, he or she shall state the grounds on which he or she relies.

(b) In so far as the defendant does not dispute the correctness of any allegation contained in such
statement, that allegat ion shall be deemed to be conclusive proof of the matter to which it
relates.

(3)
(a) A defendant may or, if so directed by the court, shall tender to the court a statement in writing
under oath or affirmation by him or her or by any other person in connection with any matter
which relates to the determination of the amount which might be realised as contemplated in
section 20(1).

(b) A copy of such statement shall be served on the public prosecutor at least 14 days before the
date on which that stat ement is to be tendered to the court.

(4)
(a) The public prosecutor may admit the correctness of any allegation contained in a statement
referred to in subsection (3)(a).

(b) In so far as the public prosecutor admits the correctness of any allegation con tained in such
statement, that allegation shall be deemed to be conclusive proof of the matter to which it
relates.

22. Evidence relating to proceeds of unlawful activities

(1) For the purposes of determining whether a defendant has derived a benefit in an enquiry under
section 18(1), if it is found that the defendant did not at the fixed date, or since the beginning of a
period of seven years before the fixed date, have legitimate sources of income sufficient to justify the
interests in any property that the defendant holds, the court shall accept this fact as prima facie
evidence that such interests form part of such a benefit.

(2) For the purposes of an enquiry under section 18(1), if it is found that a court had ordered the
defendant to disclose any f acts under section 26(7) and that the defendant had without sufficient
cause failed to disclose such facts or had, after being so ordered, furnished false information, knowing
such information to be false or not believing it to be true, the court shall acc ept these facts as prima
facie evidence that any property to which the information relates –

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(a) forms part of the defendant’s benefit, in determining whether he or she has derived a benefit
from an offence; or

(b) is held by the defendant as an advantag e, payment, service or reward in connection with the
offences or related criminal activities referred to in section 18(1).

(3) For the purposes of determining the value of a defendant’s proceeds of unlawful activities in an
enquiry under section 18 (1) –

(a) if the court finds that he or she has benefited from an offence and that –

(i) he or she held property at any time at, or since, his or her conviction; or

(ii) property was transferred to him or her at any time since the beginning of a period of
seven years before the fixed date,

the court shall accept these facts as prima facie evidence that the property was received by him
or her at the earliest time at which he or sh e held it, as an advantage, payment, service or
reward in connection with the offences or related criminal activities referred to in section 18(1);

(b) if the court finds that he or she has benefited from an offence and that expenditure had been
incurred by him or her since the beginning of the period contemplated in paragraph (a), the
court shall accept these facts as prima facie evidence that any such expenditure was met out of
the advantages, payments, services or rewards, including any property receive d by him or her
in connection with the offences or related criminal activities referred to in section 18(1)
committed by him or her.
(Section 22(3) substituted by section 18(c) of Act 24 of 1999)

(4) For the purpose of determining the value of any property in an enquiry under section 18(1), if the court
finds that the defendant received property at any time as an advantage, payment, service or reward in
connection with the offences or related criminal activities referred to in that subsection committed by
him or her or by any other person the court shall accept this fact as prima facie evidence that he or
she received that property free of any other interest therein.

23. Effect of confiscation orders

(1) A confiscation order made –

(a) by a magistrate’s court, other than a regional court, shall have the effect of a civil judgment of
that court;

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(b) by a regional court shall have the effect of a civil judgment of the magistrate’s court of the
district in which the relevant trial took place.

(2) Where a High Court makes a confiscation order –

(a) the confiscation order shall have the effect of a civil judgment of that court; or

(b) the presiding judge may direct the registrar of that court to forward a certified copy of the
confiscation order to the clerk of the magistrate’s court designated by the presiding judge or, if
no such court is designated, to the clerk of the magistrate’s court within the area of jurisdiction
of which the offence concerned w as committed, and, on receipt of the said copy of the
confiscation order the clerk of the magistrate’s court concerned shall register the confiscation
order whereupon it shall have the effect of a civil judgment of that magistrate’s court.

24. Procedure w here person absconds or dies

(1) If a court is satisfied that –

(a)
(i) a person had been charged with an offence;

(ii) a person had been convicted of any offence;

(iii) a restraint order had been made against a person; or

(iv) there is sufficient evi dence for putting a person on trial for an offence;

(b) a warrant for his or her arrest had been issued and that the attendance of that person in court
could not be secured after all reasonable steps were taken to execute that warrant;

(c) the proceeding s against him or her cannot be resumed within a period of six months due to his
or her continued absence; and

(d) there are reasonable grounds to believe that a confiscation order would have been made
against him or her were it not for his or her continued absence,

the court may, on the application by the National Director, enquire into any benefit the person may
have der ived from that offence.

(2)
(a) Whenever a defendant who has been convicted of an offence dies before a confiscation order is
made, the court may, on the application by the National Director, enquire into any benefit the

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person may have derived from that offence if the court is satisfied that there are reasonable
grounds to believe that a confiscation order would have been made against him or her were it
not for his or her death.

(b) The executor of the estate of the deceased shall be entitled to appear b efore the court and
make representations for purposes of the enquiry referred to in paragraph (a).

(3) The court conducting an enquiry under this section may –

(a) if the court finds that the person r eferred to in subsection (1) or (2) has so benefited, make a
confiscation order and the provisions of this Part shall, with the necessary changes, apply to the
making of such order;
(Section 24(3)(a) substituted by section 19(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) if a curator bonis has not been appointed in respect of any of the property concerned, appoint a
curator bonis in respect of realisable property; and

(c) authorise the realisation of the property concerned in terms of Part 4.

(4) A court shall not exercise its powers unde r subsection (3)(a) and (c) unless it has afforded all persons
having any interest in the property concerned an opportunity to make representations to it in
connection with the making of such orders.

(5) A court conducting an enquiry under this section shall not apply sections 21 and 22.
(Section 24(5) substituted by section 19(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(6) If a person, excluding a person contemplated in subsection (1)(a)(ii), against whom a confiscation
order had been made under subsection (3) is subseque ntly tried and –

(a) convicted of one or other of the offences in respect of which the order had been made, the court
convicting him or her may conduct an enquiry under section 18 and make an appropriate order;
(Section 24(6)(a) substituted by section 19( c) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) acquitted of the offence in respect of which the order had been made, the court acquitting him
or her may make an appropriate order.

24A. Order to remain in force pending appeal

A restraint order and an order authorising the s eizure of the property concerned or other ancillary
order which is in force at the time of any decision by the court in relation to the making of a
confiscation order, shall remain in force pending the outcome of any appeal against the decision
concerned.

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(Section 24A inserted by section 3 of Act 38 of 1999)

PART 3
RESTRAINT ORDERS

25. Cases in which restraint orders may be made

(1) A High Court may exercise the powers conferred on it by section 26(1) –

(a) when –

(i) a prosecution for an offence has been instituted against the defendant concerned;

(ii) either a confiscation order has been made against that defendant or it appears to the
court that there are reasonable grounds for believing that a confiscation order may be
made against that defendant; and

(iii) the proceedings against that defendant have not been concluded; or

(b) when –

(i) that court is satisfied that a person is to be charged with an offence; and

(ii) it appears to the court that there are reasona ble grounds for believing that a confiscation
order may be made against such person.

(2) Where the High Court has made a restraint order under subsection (1)(b), that court shall rescind the
restraint order if the relevant person is not charged within such period as the court may consider
reasonable.

26. Restraint orders

(1) The National Director may by way of an ex parte application apply to a competent High Court for an
order prohibiting any person, subject to such conditions and exceptions as may b e specified in the
order, from dealing in any manner with any property to which the order relates.

(2) A restraint order may be made –

(a) in respect of such realisable property as may be specified in the restraint order and which is
held by the person a gainst whom the restraint order is being made;

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(b) in respect of all realisable property held by such person, whether it is specified in the restraint
order or not;

(c) in respect of all property which, if it is transferred to such person after the makin g of the restraint
order, would be realisable property.

(3)
(a) A court to which an application is made in terms of subsection (1) may make a provisional
restraint order having immediate effect and may simultaneously grant a rule nisi calling upon the
def endant upon a day mentioned in the rule to appear and to show cause why the restraint
order should not be made final.

(b) If the defendant has been absent during a period of 21 days from his or her usual place of
residence and from his or her business, if any, within the Republic, the court may direct that it
shall be sufficient service of that rule if a copy thereof is affixed to or near the outer door of the
buildings where the court sits and published in the Gazette , or may direct some other mode of
ser vice.

(c) Upon application by the defendant, the court may anticipate the return day for the purpose of
discharging the provisional restraint order if 24 hours’ notice of such application has been given
to the applicant contemplated in subsection (1).

(4)
(a) A restraint order shall provide for notice to be given to persons affected by the order.

(b) …
(Section 26(4)(b) deleted by section 4 (a) of Act 38 of 1999)

(5) …
(Section 26( 5) deleted by section 4 (b) of Act 38 of 1999)

(6) Without derogating from the generality of the powers conferred by subsection (1), a restraint order
may make such provision as the High Court may think fit –

(a) for the reasonable living expenses of a person against whom the restraint order is being made
and his or her family or household; and

(b) for the reasonable legal expenses of such person in connection with any proceedings instituted
against him or her in terms of this Chapter or any criminal proceedings to which such
proceedings may relate,

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if the court is satisfied t hat the person whose expenses must be provided for has disclosed under oath
all his or her interests in property subject to a restraint order and that the person cannot meet the
expenses concerned out of his or her unrestrained property.

(7) A High Court making a restraint order may also make such further order in respect of the discovery of
any facts including facts relating to any property over which the defendant may have effective control
and the location of such property as the court may consider nece ssary or expedient with a view to
achieving the objects of the restraint order.

(8) A High Court making a restraint order shall at the same time make an order authorising the seizure of
all movable property concerned by a police official, and any other an cillary orders that the court
considers appropriate for the proper, fair and effective execution of the order .
(Section 26(8) substituted by section 4(c) of Act 38 of 1999)

(9) Property seized under subsection (8) shall be dealt with in accordance with the directions of the High
Court which made the relevant restraint order.
(Section 26(9) substituted by section 20(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(10) A High Court which made a restraint o rder –

(a) may on application by a person affected by that order vary or rescind the restraint order or an
order authorising the seizure of the property concerned or other ancillary order if it is satisfied –

(i) that the operation of the order concerned will deprive the applicant of the means to
provide for his or her reasonable living expenses and cause undue hardship for the
applicant; and

(ii) that the hardship that the applicant will suffer as a result of the order outweighs the risk
that the proper ty concerned may be destroyed, lost, damaged, concealed or transferred;
and

(b) shall rescind the restraint order when the proceedings against the defendant concerned are
concluded.
(Section 26(10) added by section 4(d) of Act 38 of 1999)

(11) When a court orders the rescission of an order authorising the seizure of property in terms of
subsection (10)(a) the court shall make such other order as it considers appropriate for the proper, fair
and effective execution of the restraint order concerned.
(Section 26(11) added by section 4(d) of Act 38 of 1999)

27. Seizure of property subject to restraint order

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(1) In order to prevent any realisable property from being disposed of or removed contrary to a restraint
order, any police official may seize any s uch property if he or she has reasonable grounds to believe
that such property will be so disposed of or removed.

(2) Property seized under subsection (1) shall be dealt with in accordance with the directions of the High
Court which made the relevant rest raint order.

28. Appointment of curator bonis in respect of property subject to restraint order

(1) Where a High Court has made a restraint order, that court may at any time –

(a) appoint a curator bonis to do, subject to the directions of that court, a ny one or more of the
following on behalf of the person against whom the restraint order has been made, namely –

(i) to perform any particular act in respect of any of or all the property to which the restraint
order relates;

(ii) to take care of the said property;

(iii) to administer the said property; and

(iv) where the said property is a business or undertaking, to carry on, with due regard to any
law which may be applicable, the business or undertaking;

(b) order the person aga inst whom the restraint order has been made to surrender forthwith, or
within such period as that court may determine, any property in respect of which a curator bonis
has been appointed under paragraph (a), into the custody of that curator bonis .

(2) Any person affected by an order contemplated in subsection (1) (b) may at any time apply –

(a) for the variation or rescission of the order; or

(b) for the variation of the terms of the appointment of the curator bonis concerned or for the
discharge of that curator bonis .

(3) The High Court which made an order contemplated in subsection (1) (b) –

(a) may at any time –

(i) vary or rescind the order; or

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(ii) vary the terms of the appointment of the curator bonis concerned or discharge that
curator bonis ;

(b) shall rescind the order and discharge the curator bonis concerned if the relevant restraint order
is rescinded;

(c) may make such order relating to the fees and expenditure of the curator bonis as it deems fit,
including an order for the payment of th e fees of the curator bonis –

(i) from the confiscated proceeds if a confiscation order is made; or

(ii) by the State if no confiscation order is made.

29. Orders in respect of immovable property subject to restraint order

(1) A High Court which has ma de a restraint order in respect of immovable property may at any time, with
a view to ensuring the payment to the State –

(a) where a confiscation order has not been made, of an amount equal to the most recent value of
the immovable property; or

(b) wher e a confiscation order has been made, of an amount not exceeding the amount payable
under the confiscation order,

order the registrar of deeds concerned to endorse any one or more of the restrictions contemplated in
subsection (2) on the title deed of the immovable property.

(2) An order contemplated in subsection (1) may be made in respect of the following restrictions, namely –

(a) that the immovable property shall not without the consent of the High Court be mortgaged or
otherwise encumbered;

(b) that the immovable property shall not without the consent of the High Court be attached or sold
in execution; and

(c) that the immovable property shall not without the consent of the High Court –

(i) vest in the Master of the High Court or trustee concer ned, as the case may be, when the
estate of the owner of that immovable property is sequestrated; or

(ii) where the owner of that immovable property is a company or other juristic person which is
being wound up, form part of the assets of such company or juristic person,

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if the owner of that immovable property has not made the payment referred to in that subsection
to the State.

(3) In order to give effect to subsection (1), the registrar of deeds concerned shall –

(a) make the necessary entries in his or her registers and the necessary endorsement on the office
copy of the title deed, and thereupon any such restriction shall be effective against all persons
except, in the case of a restriction contemplated in subsection (2)(b), against any person in
who se favour a mortgage bond or other charge was registered against the title deed of
immovable property prior to the endorsement of the restriction on the title deed of the
immovable property, but shall lapse on the transfer of ownership of the immovable pro perty
concerned;

(b) when the original of the title deed is produced to him or her, make the necessary endorsement
thereon.

(4) Unless the High Court directs otherwise, the custody of immovable property on the title deed of which
a restriction contemplat ed in subsection (2)(c) was endorsed shall vest as from the date on which –

(a) the estate of the owner of the immovable property is sequestrated; or

(b) where the owner of the immovable property is a company or other juristic person, such
company or juristic person is being wound up,

in the person in whom the said custody would have vested if such a restriction were not so endorsed.

(5) Where the High Court g ranted its consent in respect of a restriction contemplated in subsection (2)(c)
and endorsed on the title deed of immovable property, the immovable property shall be deemed –

(a) if the estate of the owner of the immovable property was sequestrated, to h ave vested in the
Master of the High Court or trustee concerned, as the case may be, as if such a restriction were
not so endorsed; or

(b) if the owner of the immovable property is a company or other juristic person which is being
wound up, to have formed part of the assets of such company or juristic person as if such a
restriction were not so endorsed.

(6) Any person affected by an order contemplated in subsection (1) may at any time apply for the
rescission of the order.

(7)

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(a) The High Court which m ade an order contemplated in subsection (1) –

(i) may at any time rescind the order; and

(ii) shall rescind the order if the relevant restraint order is rescinded or the amount payment
of which is ensured by the order has with the consent of that court b een paid into court.

(b) If such order is rescinded, the High Court shall direct the registrar of deeds concerned to cancel any
restriction endorsed by virtue of that order on the title deed of immovable property, and that registrar of
deeds shall give ef fect to any such direction.

29A. Variation and rescission of certain orders suspended by appeal

The noting of an appeal against a decision to vary or rescind any order referred to in sections 26(10),
28(3) and 29(7) shall suspend such a variation or rescission pending the outcome of the appeal.

(Section 29A inserted by section 5 of Act 38 of 1999)

PART 4
REALISATION OF PROPERTY

30. Realisation of property

(1) A High Court may exercise the powers conferred upon it by subsection (2) when –

(a) a co nfiscation order has been made against the defendant concerned;

(b) such confiscation order is no longer subject to review or appeal; and

(c) the proceedings against that defendant have not been concluded.

(2) A High Court may, on the application of the National Director –

(a) if a curator bonis has not been appointed in respect of any of the property concerned, appoint a
curator bonis in respect of realisable property;

(b) subject to subsection (3), authorise a curator bonis appointed under section 28 (1)(a) or under
paragraph (a) of this subsection, as the case may be, to realise any realisable property in such
manner as that court may determine;

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(c) order any person who holds realisable property to surrender the said property forthwith into the
custo dy of a curator bonis appointed under section 28(1)(a) or under paragraph (a) of this
subsection, as the case may be.

(3) A High Court shall not exercise its powers under subsection (2)(b) unless it has afforded all persons
known to have any interest in t he property concerned an opportunity to make representations to it in
connection with the realisation of that property.

(4) If the court referred to in subsection (2) is satisfied that a person –

(a) is likely to be directly affected by the confiscation order; or

(b) has suffered damage to or loss of property or injury as a result of an offence or related criminal
activity referred to in section 18(1) which was committed by the defendant,

the court may allow that person to make representations in connec tion with the realisation of that
property.

(5) If the court is satisfied that a person who has suffered damage to or loss of property or injury as a
result of an offence or related criminal activity referred to in section 18(1) which was committed by the
defendant –

(a) has instituted civil proceedings, or intends to institute such proceedings within a reasonable
time; or

(b) has obtained a judgment against the defendant,

in respect of that damage, loss or injury, the court may order that the curator bonis suspend the
realisation of the whole or part of the realisable property concerned for the period that the court deems
fit in order to satisfy such a claim or judgment and related legal expenses and may make such
ancillary orders as it deems expedient .

(6) The curator bonis shall as soon as possible after –

(a)
(i) the proceedings referred to in subsection ( 5)(a) have been disposed of; or

(ii) the judgment referred to in subsection ( 5)(b) has been satisfied, as the case may be; or

(b) the period de termined under subsection ( 5) has expired,

whichever occurs first, realise the realisable property concerned as contemplated in subsection (2).

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(Sections 30(6)(a) and 30(6)(b) substituted by section 21 of Act 24 of 1999)

31. Application of certain sums o f money

(1) The following sums of money in the hands of a curator bonis appointed under this Chapter, namely –

(a) the proceeds of any realisable property realised by virtue of section 30; and

(b) any other sums of money, being property of the defendant concerned,

shall, after such payment as the High Court may direct have been made out of such sums of money,
be applied on that defendant’s behalf in satisfaction of the confiscation order made against him or her:
Provided that where the High Court may direct payment out of such sums of money, the State shall
not have a preferential claim: Provided further that, if sums of money remain in the hands of the
curator bonis after the amount payable under such confiscation order has been fully paid, the curator
bonis shall distribute those sums of money –

(i) among such persons who held realisable property which has been realised by virtue of
section 30; and

(ii) in such proportions,

as that court may, after affording such persons an opportunity to make representations to it in
connection with the distribution of those sums of money, direct.

(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1) such payment as the High Court may direct shall, for
the purpose s of that subsection, include any payment in respect of an obligation which was found to
have priority in terms of section 20.

32. Functions of curator bonis

(1) Immediately after letters of curatorship have been granted to a curator bonis appointed unde r this
Chapter, the curator bonis shall take into his or her custody all the property in respect of which he or
she was appointed, as well as any book, record or other document in the possession or custody or
under the control of any person referred to in section 28(1)(b) or 30(2)(c) which relates to the said
property.

(2) Save as is otherwise provided in this Chapter, the provisions of the Administration of Estates Act,
1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965), shall with the necessary changes apply in respect of a cura tor bonis
appointed under this Chapter.

33. Exercise of powers by High Court and curator bonis

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(1) The powers conferred upon a High Court by sections 26 to 31, or upon a curator bonis appointed
under this Chapter, shall –

(a) subject to paragraphs (b) and (c), be exercised with a view to making available the current value
of realisable property for satisfying any confiscation order made or which might be made against
the defendant;

(b) in the case of realisable property held by a person to whom that de fendant has directly or
indirectly made an affected gift, be exercised with a view to realising not more than the current
value of such gift;

(c) be exercised with a view to allowing any person other than that defendant or the recipient of
such gift to re tain or recover the current value of any property held by him or her,

and, except as provided in sections 20(1) and 26(6), any obligation of that defendant or the recipient of
such gift which conflicts with the obligation to satisfy a confiscation order s hall be left out of account.

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall not be construed as prohibiting any High Court from making any
additional order in respect of a debt owed to the State.

34. Variation of confiscation orders

(1) If the High Court is satisfied that the realisable property is inadequate for the payment of the balance
of the amount to be recovered under a confiscation order against the defendant concerned, that court
may, on the application of that defendant, issue a certificate to that effect stating the reasons for the
court being so satisfied.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the High Court may –

(a) in the case of realisable property held –

(i) by a person whose estate has been sequestrated, take into account the extent to which
the proceeds of property in that estate may be distributed among the creditors; or

(ii) by a company or other juristic person which is being wound up, take into account th e
extent to which the assets of such company or juristic person may be distributed among
the creditors;

(b) leave out of account any inadequacy in the realisable property which is in the opinion of that
court wholly or partly attributable to anything done by the defendant for the purpose of

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preserving any property held by a person to whom the defendant had directly or indirectly made
an affected gift from the risk of any realisation in terms of this Chapter.

(3)
(a) If a certificate referred to in subsect ion (1) has been issued, the defendant may apply to the
court which made the confiscation order against him or her for the reduction of the amount to be
recovered under that confiscation order.

(b) Such court or, if the judge or judicial officer concerned is not available, any judge or judicial
officer of that court may substitute for the amount to be recovered under such confiscation order
such lesser amount as that court may consider just in the circumstances of the case.

35. Effect of sequestration of estates on realisable property

(1) When the estate of a person who holds realisable property is sequestrated –

(a) the property for the time being subject to a restraint order made before the date of
sequestration; and

(b) the proceeds of any realisable property realised by virtue of section 30 and for the time being in
the hands of a curator bonis appointed under this Chapter,

shall not vest in the Master of the High Court or trustee concerned, as the case may be.

(2) When the estate of a defendant wh o has directly or indirectly made an affected gift to any other person
is sequestrated –

(a) no court shall set aside the disposition of such gift under section 29 ,30 or 31 of the Insolvency
Act, 1936 (Act No. 24 of 1936) –
(Words preceding section 35(2(a )(i) substituted by section 22 of Act 24 of 1999)

(i) if a prosecution for an offence has been instituted against the defendant and the
proceedings against him or her have not been concluded; or

(ii) if the property of such other person is subject to a r estraint order;

(b) any court which sets aside any disposition contemplated in paragraph (a) after the conclusion of
the proceedings against the defendant, shall take into account any realisation of the property of
such other person in terms of this Chapt er.

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(3) Where the estate of an insolvent has been sequestrated, the powers conferred upon a High Court by
sections 26 to 31 and 33(2) or upon a curator bonis appointed under this Chapter, shall not be
exercised –

(a) in respect of any property which form s part of that estate; or

(b) in respect of any property which the trustee concerned is entitled to claim from the insolvent
under section 23 of the Insolvency Act, 1936.

(4) Nothing in the Insolvency Act, 1936, shall be construed as prohibiting any High Court or curator bonis
appointed under this Chapter from exercising any power contemplated in subsection (3) in respect of
any property or proceeds mentioned in subsection (1).

36. Effect of winding -up of companies or other juristic persons on realisable property

(1) When any competent court has made an order for the winding -up of any company or other juristic
person which holds realisable property or a resolution for the volu ntary winding -up of any such
company or juristic person has been registered in terms of any applicable law –

(a) no property for the time being subject to a restraint order made before the relevant time; and

(b) no proceeds of any realisable property realised by virtue of section 30 and for the time being in
the hands of a curator bonis appointed under this Chapter,

shall form part of the assets of any such company or juristic person.

(2) Where an order mentioned in subsection (1) has been made in respect of a company or other juristic
person or a resolution mentioned in that subsection has been registered in respect of such company
or juristic person, the powers conferred upon a High Court by sections 26 to 3 1 and 33(2) or upon a
curator bonis appointed under this Chapter, shall not be exercised in respect of any property which
forms part of the assets of such company or juristic person.
(Section 36(2) substituted by section 23 of Act 24 of 1999)

(3) Nothing in th e Companies Act, 1973 (Act No. 61 of 1973), or any other law relating to juristic persons
in general or any particular juristic person, shall be construed as prohibiting any High Court or curator
bonis appointed under this Chapter from exercising any power contemplated in subsection (2) in
respect of any property or proceeds mentioned in subsection (1).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1), “the relevant time” means –

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(a) where an order for the winding -up of the company or juristic person, as the case m ay be, has
been made, the time of the presentation to the court concerned of the application for the
winding -up; or

(b) where no such order has been made, the time of the registration of the resolution authorising
the voluntary winding -up of the company o r juristic person, as the case may be.

(5) The provisions of section 35(2) are with the necessary changes applicable to a company or juristic
person who has directly or indirectly made an affected gift.

CHAPTER 6
CIVIL RECOVERY OF PROPERTY

PART 1
INTRODUCTION

37. Proceedings are civil, not criminal

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter all proceedings under this Chapter are civil proceedings, and are not
criminal proceedings.

(2) The rules of evidence applicable in civil proceedings apply to proceedings under this Chapter.

(3) No rule of evidence applicable only in criminal proceedings shall apply to proceedings under this
Chapter.

(4) No rule of construction applicable only in criminal proceedings shall apply to proceedings under this
Chapt er.

PART 2
PRESERVATION OF PROPERTY

38. Preservation of property orders

(1) The National Director may by way of an ex parte application apply to a High Court for an order
prohibiting any person, subject to such conditions and exceptions as may be specif ied in the order,
from dealing in any manner with any property.

(2) The High Court shall make an order referred to in subsection (1) if there are reasonable grounds to
believe that the property concerned –

(a) is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1; or

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(b) is the proceeds of unlawful activities.

(3) A High Court making a preservation of property order shall at the same time make an order
authorising the seizure of the property concerned by a police official, and any other ancillary orders
that the court considers appropriate for the proper, fair and e ffective execution of the order .
(Section 38(3) substituted by section 6 of Act 38 of 1999)

(4) Property seized under subsection (3) shall be dealt with in accordance with the directions of the High
Court which made the relevant preservation of property order.

39. Notice of preservation of property orders

(1) If a High Court makes a preservation of property order, the National Director shall, as soon as
practicable after the making of the order –

(a) give notice of the order to all persons known to the National Director to have an interest in
property which is subject to the order; and

(b) publish a notice of the order in the Gazette .

(2) A notice under subsection (1)(a) shall be served in the manner in which a summons whereby civil
proceedings in the High Court are commenced, is served.

(3) Any person who has an interest in the property which is subject to the preservation of property orde r
may enter an appearance giving notice of his or her intention to oppose the making of a forfeiture
order or to apply for an order excluding his or her interest in the property concerned from the operation
thereof.

(4) An appearance under subsection (3) shall be delivered to the National Director within, in the case of –

(a) a person upon whom a notice has been served under subsection (1)(a),14 days after such
service; or

(b) any other person, 14 days after the date upon which a notice under subsection (1)(b) was
published in the Gazette .

(5) An appearance under subsection (3) shall contain full particulars of the chosen address for the
delivery of documents concerning further pr oceedings under this Chapter and shall be accompanied
by an affidavit stating –

(a) full particulars of the identity of the person entering the appearance;

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(b) the nature and extent of his or her interest in the property concerned; and

(c) the basis of the defence upon which he or she intends to rely in opposing a forfeiture order or
applying for the exclusion of his or her interests from the operation thereof.

40. Duration of preservation of property orders

A preservation of property order shall expir e 90 days after the date on which notice of the making of
the order is published in the Gazette unless –

(a) there is an application for a forfeiture order pending before the High Court in respect of the
property, subject to the preservation of property o rder;

(b) there is an unsatisfied forfeiture order in force in relation to the property subject to the
preservation of property order; or

(c) the order is rescinded before the expiry of that period.

41. Seizure of property subject to preservation of pro perty order

(1) In order to prevent property subject to a preservation of property order from being disposed of or
removed contrary to that order, any police official may seize any such property if he or she has
reasonable grounds to believe that such property will be so disposed of or removed.

(2) Property seized under subsection (1) shall be dealt with in accordance with the directions of the High
Court which made the relevant preservation of property order.

42. Appointment of curator bonis in respe ct of property subject to preservation of property order

(1) Where a High Court has made a preservation of property order, the High Court shall, if it deems it
appropriate, at the time of the making of the order or at a later time –
(Words preceding sect ion 42(1)(a) substituted by section 7 of Act 38 of 1999)

(a) appoint a curator bonis to do, subject to the directions of that High Court, any one or more of the
following on behalf of the person against whom the preservation of property order has been
made, namely –

(i) to assume control over the property;

(ii) to take care of the said property;

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(iii) to administer the said property and to do any act necessary for that purpose; and

(iv) where the said property is a business or undertaking, to carry on, with due regard to any
law which may be applicable, the business or undertaking; and

(b) order any person holding property subject to the preservation of property order to surrender
forthwith, or within such period as that Court may determine, any such property into the custody
of the curator bonis .

(2) The High Court which made an order under subsection (1) may make such order relating to the fees
and expenditure of the curator bonis as it deems fit, including an order for the payment of the fees of
the curator bonis –

(a) from the forfeited property if a forfeiture order is made; or

(b) by the State if no forfeiture order is made.

43. Orders in respect of immovable property subject to preservation of property order

(1) A High Court which has made a preservation of property order in respect of immovab le property may
at any time, with a view to ensuring the effective execution of a subsequent order, order the registrar
of deeds concerned to endorse any one or more of the restrictions referred to in subsection (2) on the
title deed of the immovable prope rty.

(2) An order under subsection (1) may be made in respect of the following restrictions, namely –

(a) that the immovable property shall not without the consent of the High Court be mortgaged or
otherwise encumbered;

(b) that the immovable property s hall not without the consent of the High Court be attached or sold
in execution; and

(c) that the immovable property shall not without the consent of the High Court –

(i) vest in the Master of the High Court or trustee concerned, as the case may be, when the
estate of the owner of that immovable property is sequestrated; or

(ii) where the owner of that immovable property is a company or other corporate body which
is being wound up, form part of the assets of such company or corporate body.

(3) In order to give effect to subsection (1), the registrar of deeds concerned shall –

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(a) make the necessary entries in his or her registers and the necessary endorsement on the office
copy of the title deed, and thereupon any such restriction shall be effective aga inst all persons
except, in the case of a restriction contemplated in subsection (2)(b), against any person in
whose favour a mortgage bond or other charge was registered against the title deed of
immovable property prior to the endorsement of the restrict ion on the title deed of the
immovable property, but shall lapse on the transfer of ownership of the immovable property
concerned;

(b) when the original of the title deed is produced to him or her, make the necessary endorsement
thereon.

(4) Unless the H igh Court directs otherwise, the custody of immovable property on the title deed of which
a restriction contemplated in subsection (2)(c) was endorsed shall vest as from the date on which –

(a) the estate of the owner of the immovable property is sequestr ated; or

(b) where the owner of the immovable property is a company or other corporate body, such
company or corporate body is being wound up,

in the person in whom the said custody would have vested if such a restriction were not so endorsed.

(5) Wher e the High Court granted its consent in respect of a restriction contemplated in subsection (2)(c)
and endorsed on the title deed of immovable property, the immovable property shall be deemed –

(a) if the estate of the owner of the immovable property was sequestrated, to have vested in the
Master of the High Court or trustee concerned, as the case may be, as if such a restriction were
not so endorsed; or

(b) if the owner of the immovable property is a company or other juristic person which is being
wound up, to have formed part of the assets of such company or juristic person as if such a
restriction were not so endorsed.

(6) Any person affected by an order con templated in subsection (1) may at any time apply for the
rescission of the order.

44. Provision for expenses

(1) A preservation of property order may make provision as the High Court deems fit for –

(a) reasonable living expenses of a person holding an interest in property subject to a preservation
of property order and his or her family or household; and

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(b) reasonable legal expenses of such a person in connection with any proceedings instituted
against him or her in terms of this Act or any other rel ated criminal proceedings.

(2) A High Court shall not make provision for any expenses under subsection (1) unless it is satisfied that

(a) the person cannot meet the expenses concerned out of his or her property which is not subject
to the preservation of property order; and

(b) the person has disclosed under oath all his or her interests in the property and has submitted to
that Court a sworn and full statement of all his or her assets and liabilities.

45. Maximum legal expenses that can be met from preserved property

(1) Despite provision in a preservation of property order for the meeting of legal expenses out of any
property to which the order applies, a legal expense is not to be met out of that property to the extent
that the amount payable for any legal service concerned exceeds any prescribed maximum allowable
cost for that service.

(2) This section operates only to limit the amount of the legal expenses that a High Court may provide for
under section 44 to be met out of property that is subje ct to a preservation of property order and does
not limit or otherwise affect any entitlement of a legal practitioner to be paid or to recover for a legal
service any amount that exceeds any applicable maximum.

46. Taxation of legal expenses

(1) If a Hig h Court granting a preservation of property order makes provision for a person’s reasonable
legal expenses –

(a) the National Director; or

(b) the curator bonis ,

may apply to the High Court for an order under this section.

(2) The curator bonis or the National Director must give notice of an application under this section to the
person concerned.

(3) On an application under this section, the High Court must order that the expenses be taxed as
provided in the order.

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(4) After an application is made for an order under this section, the curator bonis need not, unless ordered
by the Court to do so, take any steps for the purpose of meeting the expenses as provided by the
preservation of p roperty order unless and until –

(a) an order under this sec tion in relation to the expenses is complied with; or

(b) the application, and any appeal arising out of it, are finally determined, or otherwise disposed of,
other than by the making of such an order.

47. Variation and rescission of orders

(1) A High C ourt which made a preservation of property order –

(a) may on application by a person affected by that order vary or rescind the preservation of
property order or an order authorising the seizure of the property concerned or other ancillary
order if it is satisfied –

(i) that the operation of the order concerned will deprive the applicant of the means to
provide for his or her reasonable living expenses and cause undue hardship for the
applicant; and

(ii) that the hardship that the applicant will suffer as result of the order outweighs the risk that
the property concerned may be destroyed, lost, damaged, concealed or transferred; and

(b) shall rescind the preservation of property order when the proceedings against the defendant
concerned are concluded.
(Section 47(1) substituted by section 8(a) of Act 38 of 1999)

(1A) When a court orders the rescission of an order authorising the seizure of property under paragraph (a)
of subsection (1) the court shall make such other order as it considers appropriate fo r the proper, fair
and effective execution of the preservation of property order concerned.
(Section 47(1A) inserted by section 8(b) of Act 38 of 1999)

(2)
(a) Any person affected by an order for the appointment of a curator bonis may at any time apply –

(i) for the variation or rescission of the order;

(ii) for the variation of the terms of the appointment of the curator bonis concerned; or

(iii) for the discharge of the curator bonis .

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(b) A High Court which made an order for the appointment of a curator bonis –

(i) may, if it deems it necessary in the interests of justice, at any time –

(aa) vary or rescind the order;

(bb) vary the terms of the appointment of the curator bonis concerned; or

(cc) discharge that curator bonis ;

(ii) shall rescin d the order and discharge the curator bonis concerned if the relevant
preservation of property order is rescinded.

(3)
(a) Any person affected by an order in respect of immovable property may at any time apply for the
rescission of the order.

(b) A High Court which made an order in respect of immovable property –

(i) may, if it deems it necessary in the interests of justice, at any time rescind the order; or

(ii) shall rescind the order if the relevant preservation of property order is rescinded.

(c) If an order in respect of immovable property is rescinded, the High Court shall direct the
registrar of deeds concerned to cancel any restriction endorsed by virtue of that order on the
title deed of immovable property, and that registrar of deeds shall giv e effect to any such
direction.

(4) The noting of an appeal against a decision to vary or rescind any order referred to in this section shall
suspend such a variation or rescission pending the outcome of the appeal.
(Section 47(4) added by section 8(c) of Act 38 of 1999)

PART 3
FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY

48. Application for forfeiture order

(1) If a preservation of property order is in force the National Director, may apply to a High Court for an
order forfeiting to the State all or any of the property that is subject to the preservation of property
order.

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(2) The National Director shall give 14 days [sic ] notice of an application under subsection (1) to every
person who entered an appearance in terms of section 39 (3).
(Section 48(2) substituted by section 26 of Act 24 of 1999)

(3) A notice under subsection (2) shall be served in the manner in which a summons whereby civil
proceedings in the High Court are commenced, is served.

(4) Any person who entered an appearance in terms of section 39(3) may appear a t the application under
subsection (1) –

(a) to oppose the making of the order; or

(b) to apply for an order –

(i) excluding his or her interest in that property from the operation of the order; or

(ii) varying the operation of the order in respect of that property,

and may adduce evidence at the hearing of the application.

49. Late entry of appearance

(1) Any person who, for any reason, did not enter an appearance in terms of section 39(3) may, within 14
days of him or her becoming aware of the existence of a preservation of property order, apply to the
High Court for leave to enter such an appearance.

(2) An application in terms of subsection (1) may be made before or after the date on which an application
for a forfeiture order is made under s ection 48(1), but shall be made before judgment is given in
respect of such an application for a forfeiture order.

(3) The High Court may grant an applicant referred to in subsection (1) leave to enter an appearance in
terms of section 39(3) within the pe riod which the Court deems appropriate, if the Court is satisfied on
good cause shown that such applicant –

(a) has for sufficient reason failed to enter an appearance in terms of section 39(3); and

(b) has an interest in the property which is subject to the preservation of property order.

(4) When a High Court grants an applicant leave to enter an appearance, the Court –

(a) shall make any order as to costs against the applicant; and

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(b) may make any ord er to regulate the further participation of the applicant in proceedings
concerning an application for a forfeiture order,

which it deems appropriate.

(5) An appearance entered after leave has been obtained under this section shall contain full particula rs
of the chosen address of the person who enters such appearance for the delivery of documents
concerning further proceedings under this Chapter and shall be accompanied by an affidavit referred
to in section 39(5).

50. Making of forfeiture order

(1) The High Court shall, subject to section 52, make an order applied for under section 48(1) if the Court
finds on a balance of probabilities that the property concerned –

(a) is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1; or

(b) is the pro ceeds of unlawful activities.

(2) The High Court may, when it makes a forfeiture order or at any time thereafter, make any ancillary
orders that it considers appropriate, including orders for and with respect to facilitating the transfer to
the State of p roperty forfeited to the State under such an order.

(3) The absence of a person whose interest in property may be affected by a forfeiture order does not
prevent the High Court from making the order.

(4) The validity of an order under subsection (1) is n ot affected by the outcome of criminal proceedings, or
of an investigation with a view to institute such proceedings, in respect of an offence with which the
property concerned is in some way associated.

(5) The Registrar of the Court making a forfeiture order must publish a notice thereof in the Gazette as
soon as practicable after the order is made.

(6) A forfeiture order shall not take effect –

(a) before the period allowed for an application under section 54 or an appeal under section 55 has
expired; or

(b) before such an application or appeal has been disposed of.

51. Notice of reasonable grounds that property is concerned in commission of offence

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(1) The National Director may apply to a judge in chambers or a magistrate for an order notifying a p erson
having an interest in or control over property that there are reasonable grounds to believe that such
property is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1.

(2) The judge or magistrate shall make an order referred to in subsection (1) if the judge or magistrate is
satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the property concerned is an instrumentality
of an offence referred to in Schedule 1.

(3) When a judge or magistrate makes an order under subsection (1), the reg istrar of the High Court
concerned or clerk of the Magistrate’s Court for the district concerned shall issue a notice in the
prescribed form to the person referred to in the order, informing him or her that there are reasonable
grounds to believe that prop erty in which he or she has an interest or over which he or she has
control, is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1.

(4) A notice issued under subsection (3) shall be served on the person concerned in the manner in which
a summons w hereby civil proceedings in the High Court are commenced is served.

52. Exclusion of interests in property

(1) The High Court may, on application –

(a) under section 48(3); or

(b) by a person referred to in section 49( 1),
(Section 52(1)(b) substituted by section 29(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

and when it makes a forfeiture order, make an order excluding certain interests in property which is
subject to the order, from the operation thereof.

(2) The High Court may make an order under subsection (1), in relat ion to the forfeiture of the proceeds of
unlawful activities, if it finds on a balance of probabilities that the applicant for the order –

(a) had acquired the interest concerned legally and for a consideration, the value of which is not
significantly less than the value of that interest; and

(b) where the applicant had acquired the interest concerned after the commencement of this Act,
that he or she neither knew nor had reasonable grounds to suspect that the property in which
the interest is held is the proceeds of unlawful activities.
(Section 52(2) substituted by section 9 of Act 38 of 1999)

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(2A) The High Court may make an order under subsection (1), in relation to the forfeiture of an
instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, if it finds on a balance of probabilities that the
applicant for the order had acquired the interest concerned legally, and –

(a) neither knew nor had reasonable grounds to suspect that the property in which the interest is
held is an instrumentality of an offe nce referred to in Schedule 1; or

(b) where the offence concerned had occurred before the commencement of this Act, the applicant
has since the commencement of this Act taken all reasonable steps to prevent the use of the
property concerned as an instrume ntality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1.
(Section 52(2A) inserted by section 9 of Act 38 of 1999)

(3)
(a) If an applicant for an order under subsection (1) adduces evidence to show that he or she did
not know or did not have reasonable grounds to suspect that the property in which the interest
is held, is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, the State may submit a
return of the service on the applicant of a notice issued under section 51(3) in rebuttal of that
evidence in res pect of the period since the date of such service.

(b) If the State submits a return of the service on the applicant of a notice issued under section
51(3) as contemplated in paragraph (a), the applicant for an order under subsection (1) must, in
addition to the facts referred to in subsection (2)(a) and (2)(b)(i), also prove on a balance of
probabilities that, since such service, he or she has taken all reasonable steps to prevent the
further use of the property concerned as an instrumentality of an offen ce referred to in Schedule
1.

(4) A High Court making an order for the exclusion of an interest in property under subsection (1) may, in
the interest of the administration of justice or in the public interest, make that order upon the conditions
that the Court deems appropriate including a condition requiring the person who applied for the
exclusion to take all reasonable steps, within a period that the Court may determine, to prevent the
future use of the property as an instrumentality of an offence refer red to in Schedule 1.

53. Forfeiture order by default

(1) If the National Director applies for a forfeiture order by default and the High Court is satisfied that no
person has appeared on the date upon which an application under section 48(1) is to be he ard and,
on the grounds of sufficient proof or otherwise, that all persons who entered appearances in terms of
section 39(3) have knowledge of notices given under section 48(2), the Court may –

(a) make any order by default which the Court could have made under sections 50(1) and (2);

(b) make such order as the Court may consider appropriate in the circumstances; or

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(c) make no order.

(2) The High Court may, before making an order in terms of subsection (1), call upon the National Director
to adduce suc h further evidence, either in writing or orally, in support of his or her application as the
Court may consider necessary.

(3) Any person whose interest in the property concerned is affected by the forfeiture order or other order
made by the Court under s ubsection (1) may, within 20 days after he or she has acquired knowledge
of such order or direction, set the matter down for variation or rescission by the court.

(4) The court may, upon good cause shown, vary or rescind the default order or give some oth er direction
on such terms as it deems appropriate.

54. Exclusion of interests in forfeited property

(1) Any person affected by a forfeiture order who was entitled to receive notice of the application for the
order under section 48(2), but did not receiv e such notice, may, within 45 days after the notice of the
making thereof is published in the Gazette , apply for an order excluding his or her interest in the
property concerned from the operation of the order, or varying the operation of the order in resp ect of
such property.

(2) The application shall be accompanied by an affidavit setting forth –

(a) the nature and extent of the applicant’s right, title or interest in the property concerned;

(b) the time and circumstances of the applicant’s acquisition of the right, title, or interest in the
property;

(c) any additional facts supporting the application; and

(d) the relief sought.

(3) The hearing of the application shall, to the extent practicable and consistent with the interests of
justice be held within 30 days of the filing of the application.

(4) The High Court may consolidate the hearing of the application with a hearing of any other application
filed by a person under this section.

(5) At t he hearing, the applicant may testify and present evidence and witnesses on his or her own behalf,
and may cross -examine any witness who appears at the hearing.

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(6) The National Director or the curator bonis concerned, or a person authorised in writing th ereto by
them, may present evidence and witnesses in rebuttal and in defence of their claim to the property and
may cross -examine a witness who appears at the hearing.

(7) In addition to the testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, the High Court may, upon
application by the National Director or the curator bonis concerned, or a person authorised in writing
thereto by them, order that the testimony of any witness relating to the property forfeited, be taken by
commission and that any book, paper, d ocument, record, recording, or other material not privileged be
produced at the taking down of such testimony by commission.

(8) The High Court may make an order under subsection (1), in relation to the forfeiture of the proceeds of
unlawful activities, i f it finds on a balance of probabilities that the applicant for the order –

(a) had acquired the interest concerned legally and for a consideration, the value of which is not
significantly less than the value of that interest; and

(b) where the applicant had acquired the interest concerned after the commencement of this Act,
that he or she neither knew nor had reasonable grounds to suspect that the property in which
the interest is held is the proceeds of unlawful activities.
(Section 54(8) substituted by section 10 of Act 38 of 1999)

(8A) The High Court may make an order under subsection (1), in relation to the forfeiture of an
instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, if it finds on a balance of probabilities that the
applic ant for the order had acquired the interest concerned legally, and –

(a) neither knew nor had reasonable grounds to suspect that the property in which the interest is
held is an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1; or

(b) where the of fence concerned had occurred before the commencement of this Act, the applicant
has since the commencement of this Act taken all reasonable steps to prevent the use of the
property concerned as an instrumentality of an offence referred to in Schedule 1.
(Section 54(8A) inserted by section 10 of Act 38 of 1999)

(9)
(a) When a person who testifies under this section –

(i) fails to answer fully and to the best of his or her ability any question lawfully put to him or
her; or

(ii) gives false evidence knowi ng that evidence to be false or not believing it to be true,

he or she shall be guilty of an offence.

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(b) When a person who furnishes an affidavit under subsection (2) makes a false statement in the
affidavit knowing that statement to be false or not believing it to be true, he or she shall be guilty
of an offence.

(c) A person convicted of an offence under this subsection shall be liable to the penalty prescribed
by law for perjury.

55. Appeal against forfeiture order

Any preservation of property order and any order authorising the seizure of the property concerned or
other ancillary order which is in force at the time of any decision regarding the making of a forfeiture
order under section 50(1) shall remain in force pending the outcome of any app eal against the
decision concerned.
(Section 55 substituted by section 11 of Act 38 of 1999)

56. Effect of forfeiture order

(1) Where a High Court has made a forfeiture order and a curator bonis has not been appointed in
respect of any of the property co ncerned, the High Court may appoint a curator bonis to perform any
of the functions referred to in section 5 7 in respect of such property.
(Section 56(1) substituted by section 32 of Act 24 of 1999)

(2) On the date when a forfeiture order takes effect the property subject to the order is forfeited to the
State and vests in the curator bonis on behalf of the State.

(3) Upon a forfeiture order taking effect the curator bonis may take possession of that property on behalf
of the State from any person in possession, or entitled to possession, of the property.

57. Fulfilment of forfeiture order

(1) The curator bonis must, subject to any order for the exclusion of interests in forfeited property under
section 52(2)(a) or 54(8) and in accordance with the directions of the Committee –

(a) deposit any moneys forfeited under section 56(2) into the Account;

(b) deliver property forfeited under section 56(2) to the Account; or

(c) dispose of property forfeited under section 56(2) by sale or any other means and deposit the
proceeds of the sale or disposition into the Account.
(Section 57(1) substituted by section 33(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

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(2) Any right or interest in forfeited prope rty not exercisable by or transferable to the State, shall expire
and shall not revert to the person who has possession, or was entitled to possession, of the property
immediately before the forfeiture order took effect.

(3) No person who has possession, or was entitled to possession, of forfeited property immediately before
the forfeiture order took effect, or any person acting in concert with, or on behalf of that person, shall
be eligible to purchase forfeited property at any sale held by the curator bo nis .

(4) …
(Section 57 (4) deleted by section 33(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(5) The expenses incurred in connection with the forfeiture and the sale, including expenses of seizure,
maintenance and custody of the property pending its disposition, advertising and court costs shall be
defrayed out of moneys appropriated by Parliament for that purpose.

PART 4
GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PRESERVATION AND FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY

58. Offence may form the basis of multiple orders

The fact that a preservation of property order or a forfeiture order has been made on the basis of an
offence referred to in Schedule 1 in which a specific person has been involved does not prevent the
making of another or other preservation of property orders or forfeiture orders on the basis of the
same offence.

59. Application of Chapter to deceased estates

(1) Any notice authorised or required to be given to a person under this Chapter is, in the case of a
deceased person, sufficiently given to the executor of that person’s estate.

(2) A reference in this Chapter to property of a person is, in the case of a person who is deceased, a
reference to property that the person held immediately before his or her death.

(3) An order may be applied for and made under this Chapter –

(a) in r espect of property which forms part of a deceased estate; and

(b) on evidence adduced concerning the activities of a person who is deceased.

60. Effect of death of joint owner of preserved property

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(1) If a person has an interest in property as joint owner of the property, the person’s death after a
preservation of property order is made in respect of the interest does not, while the order is in force,
operate to vest the interest in the surviving joint owner or owners and the preservation of property
order continues to apply to the interest as if the person had not died.

(2) A forfeiture order made in respect of that interest applies as if the order took effect in relation to the
interest immediately before the person died.

(3) Subsection (1) does no t apply to an interest in property if a preservation of property order ceases to
apply to that interest without a forfeiture order being made in respect of that interest.

61. Expedition of applications

(a) In any application instituted under this Chapter by the State, the National Director may file with
the Registrar of the High Court concerned a certificate stating that in his or her opinion the case
is of general public importance.

(b) A copy of that certificate shall be furnished immediately by such Registrar to the Judge
President of the High Court concerned or in his or her absence to the Acting Judge President or
the Deputy Judge President of that Court.

(c) Upon receipt of such copy, such Judge President, Acting Judge President or Deputy Judge
President, as the case may be, shall designate immediately a judge of that High Court to hear
and determine the application.

62. Procedure and rules of court

(1) The Rules Board for Courts of Law referred to in section 1 of the Rules Board for Courts of La w Act,
1985 (Act No. 107 of 1985), shall, in consultation with the Minister and after consultation with the
National Director, with due regard to the purpose of this Act make rules for –

(a) the High Court regulating the proceedings contemplated in Chapte rs 5 and 6;

(b) the magistrate’s court regulating the proce edings referred to in section 51 .
(Section 62(1)(b) substituted by section 34 of Act 24 of 1999)

(2) In the absence of such rules the provisions of the Supreme Court, 1959 (Act No. 59 of 1959), and the
rules made under section 43 of that Act and the provisions of the Magistrate’s Court Act, 1944 (Act No.
32 of 1944), and the rules made under section 6 of the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act, 1985 (Act
No. 107 of 1985), as the case may be, shall, with the necessary changes, apply in relation to
proceedings in terms of such hearing except in so far as those rules are inconsistent with procedures
prescribed in this Chapter.

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CHAPTER 7
CRIMINAL ASSETS RECOVERY ACCOUNT

63. Establishment of Criminal A ssets Recovery Account

There is hereby established in the National Revenue Fund a separate account to be known as the
Criminal Assets Recovery Account.

64. Finances of Account

The Account shall consist of –

(a) all moneys derived from the fulfilment of confiscation and forfeiture orders contemplated in
Chapters 5 and 6;
(Section 64(a) substituted by section 35(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(aA) all property derived from the fulfilment of forfeiture orders as contemplated in section 57;
(Section 64(aA) insert ed by section 35(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(b) the balance of all moneys derived from the execution of foreign confiscation orders as defined in
the International Co -Operation in Criminal Matters Act, 1996 (Act No. 75 of 1996), after
payments have been made to requesting States in terms of that Act;

(c) any property or moneys appropriated by Parliament, or paid into , or allocated to, the Account in
terms of any other Act;
(Section 64(c) substituted by section 35(c) of Act 24 of 1999)

(d) domestic and foreign grants;

(e) any property or amount of money received or acquired from any source; and
(Section 64(e) substituted by section 35(d) of Act 24 of 1999)

(f) all property or moneys transferred to the Account in terms of this Act.
(Section 64(f) s ubstituted by section 35(e) of Act 24 of 1999)

65. Establishment of Committee

(1) There is hereby established a Committee to be known as the Criminal Assets Recovery Committee.

(2) The Committee shall consist of –

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(a) the Minister, who shall be the cha irperson of the Committee;

(b) the Minister of Safety and Security;

(c) the Minister of Finance;

(d) the National Director; and

(e) if necessary, two other persons designated by the Minister.

(3) The members of the Committee may designate an alternate to attend a meeting of the Committee in
their place.

(4) The Committee shall designate one of its members as deputy chairperson of the Committee, and
when the chairperson is not available, the deputy chairperson shall act as chairperson.

66. Conditions of service, remuneration, allowances and other benefits of certain members of
Committee

The members of the Committee appointed in terms of section 65(2)(e) shall, if appropriate, receive
such remuneration, allowances and other employment benefits and shal l be appointed on such terms
and conditions and for such periods as may be prescribed.

67. Meetings of Committee

(1) A meeting of the Committee shall be held at a time and place determined by the chairperson.

(2) The procedure, including the manner in w hich decisions shall be taken, to be followed at meetings of
the Committee and the manner in which the Committee shall conduct its affairs shall be determined by
the Committee, if such procedure is not prescribed.

68. Objects of Committee

The objects of the Committee shall be –

(a) to advise Cabinet in connection with all aspects of forfeiture of property to the State in terms of
Chapter 6 and the transfer of forfeited property to the Account in terms of any other Act;

(b) to advise Cabinet in connectio n with the rendering of financial assistance to law enforcement
agencies in order to combat organised crime, money laundering, criminal gang activities and
crime in general; and

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(c) to advise Cabinet in connection with the rendering of financial assistance to any other
institution, organisation or fund established with the object to render assistance in any manner
to victims of crime.

69. Powers and Functions of Committee

The Committe e may –

(a) make recommendations to Cabinet with regard to a policy to be adopted concerning the
forfeiture and realisation of property, other than moneys, in terms of Chapter 6 and the transfer
of such property to the Account in terms of any other Act;

(b) make recommendations to Cabinet with regard to the allocation of property and moneys from
the Account to specific law enforcement agencies;
(Section 69(b) substituted by section 36(a) of Act 24 of 1999)

(c) make recommendations to Cabinet with regard to the allocation of property and moneys from
the Account to any institution, organisation or fund contemplated in section 68(c);
(Section 69(c) substituted by section 36(b) of Act 24 of 1999)

(d) make recommendations to Cabinet regarding the allocation of moneys for the administration of
the Committee;

(e) exercise such powers and shall perform such functions as may be conferred or imposed upon it
by this Chapter, and may exercise such powers as may b e necessary or expedient for or
incidental to the achievement of its objects; and

(f) exercise such powers and perform such functions as may be conferred or imposed upon it by
regulations as may be necessary or expedient for or incidental to the achieveme nt of its objects
or the powers and functions referred to in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d).

69A. Utilisation of Account and accountability

(1) The property and money allocated to, or standing to the credit of, the Account may be utilised by
Cabinet, a fter considering the recommendations of the Committee, for –

(a) the allocation of property and amounts of money from the Account to specific law enforcement
agencies;

(b) the allocation of property and amounts of money from the Account to any institutio n,
organisation or fund contemplated in section 68(c); and

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(c) the administration of the Account.

(2) All amounts of money withdrawn, or property allocated, from the Account under subsection (1) shall be
so withdrawn or allocated as a direct charge again st the National Revenue Fund.

(3)

(a) Whenever Cabinet allocates property or money under subsection (1) to a specific law
enforcement agency or to an institution, organisation or fund contemplated in section 68(c) –

(i) Cabinet shall indicate the specific purpose for which that property or money is to be
utilised; and

(ii) the Minister shall forthwith cause all particulars of such allocation to be tabled in
Parliament.

(b) Property or money allocated under subsection (1) may not be utilised for a ny other purpose
than that specified in terms of paragraph (a)(i).

(4) No allocation of property or money shall be made under subsection (1) to an institution, organisation
or fund contemplated in section 68(c) unless an accounting officer for that instit ution, organisation or
fund is appointed or designated for such institution, organisation or fund.

(5) An accounting officer appointed or designated under subsection (4) shall be charged with the
responsibility of accounting for all money allocated under subsection (1), the acquisition, receipt,
custody and disposal of all property so allocated and all payments made by him or her in respect of
the purpose for which the allocation had been made.

(6) The Committee may, after consultation with the Treasury a nd the Auditor -General, in such manner as
it deems necessary, issue guidelines to accounting officers appointed or designated under subsection
(4) in connection with the systems of book -keeping and accounting to be followed by them.

(7) Accounting by a la w enforcement agency or institution, organisation or fund for property and money
allocated to it from the Account under subsection (1) shall be done separately from accounting for
money and property received from any other source.

(8) The Auditor -General shall audit the books of accounts, accounting statements, financial statements
and financial management of each law enforcement agency or institution, organisation or fund to
which property or money had been allocated under subsection (1) in respect of tha t allocation, and the
provisions of section 6 of the Auditor -General Act, 1989 (Act 52 of 1989), shall apply in respect of any
such audit.

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(9) The Auditor -General shall submit a copy of the report on an audit under subsection (8) to the
Committee.

(Section 69A inserted by section 37 of Act 24 of 1999)

70. Other matters to be prescribed

All other matters in connection with the Committee or arising from this Chapter shall be prescribed.

CHAPTER 8
GENERAL PROVISIONS

71. Access to information

(1) The National Director may request any person employed in or associated with a Government
Department or statutory body to furnish him or her with all information that may reasonably be required
for any investigation in terms of this Act and such person shall notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in any law which prohibits or precludes him or her –

(a) from disclosing any information relating to the activities, affairs or business of any other person;
or

(b) from permitting any person to have ac cess to any registers, records or other documents, or
electronic data which have a bearing on the said activities, affairs or business,

furnish the National Director with such information and permit the National Director to have access to
any registers, r ecords, documents, and electronic data, which may contain such information.

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall not be construed as prohibiting any Minister by whom or any
other departmental or institutional authority by which, or under the control of whom or which, any law
referred to in that subsection is administered, or any board, institution or body established by or under
any such law, from making any practical and reasonable procedural arrangements with regard to the
furnishing of such inform ation or the granting of the access contemplated in that subsection and
according to which the information or access shall be furnished or granted or with regard to any
reasonable safeguards which any such Minister, authority, board, institution, body or p erson, subject
to the provisions of subsection (3), requires to maintain the confidentiality of such information,
registers, records, documents or electronic data.

(3)
(a) No person shall without the written permission of the National Director disclose to any other
person any confidential information, registers, records, documents or electronic data which

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came to his or her knowledge in the performance of his or her function s in terms of this Act and
relating to the activities, affairs or business of any other person, except –

(i) for the purpose of performing his or her functions in terms of this Act;

(ii) in the course of adducing evidence in any criminal proceedings or p roceedings in terms
of this Act; or

(iii) when required to do so by an order of a court of law.

(b) Any person who contravenes paragraph (a) shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction
to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 20 years.

72. Investigations

Whenever the National Director has reason to believe that any person may be in possession of
information relevant to the commission or intended commission of an alleged offence in terms of this
Act, or any person or enterprise may be in possession, custody or control of any documentary material
relevant to such alleged offence, he or she may, prior to the institution of any civi l or criminal
proceeding, under written authority direct that a particular Director of Public Prosecut ions shall have,
in respect of a specific investigation, the power to institute an investigation in terms of the provisions of
Chapter 5 of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998.

73. Sharing of information

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 4 of the Income Tax Act , 1962 (Act No. 58 of 1962) and with
regard to any other secrecy provision in similar legislation, whenever any investigation is instituted in
terms of this Act, including an investigation into any offence referred to in Schedule 1, and an
investigation into the property, financial activities, affairs or business of any person, the Commissioner
of the South African Revenue Services or any official designated by him or her for this purpose, shall
be notified of such investigation with a view to mutual co -operation and the sharing of information.

(Section 73 substituted by section 38 of Act 24 of 1999)

74. Hearings of court to be open to public

(1)
(a) Subject to the provisions of this section, the hearings of the court contemplated in this Act,
except for ex parte applications, shall be open to the public.

(b) If the High Court, in any proceedings before it, is satisfied that –

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(i) it would be in the interest of justice; or

(ii) there is a likelihood that harm may ensue to any person as a result of the proceedings
being open,

it may direct that such proceedings be held behind closed doors and that the public or any
category thereof shall not be prese nt at such proceedings or any part thereof.

(c) An application for proceedings to be held behind closed doors may be brought by the National
Director, the curator bonis referred to in section 28 or 42 and any other person referred to in
paragraph (b)(ii), and such application shall be heard behind closed doors.
(Section 74(1)(c) substituted by section 39 of Act 24 of 1999)

(d) The High Court may at any time review its decision with regard to the question whether or not the
proceedings shall be held behind closed doors.

(2) Where the High Court under subsection (1)(b) on any grounds referred to in that subsection directs
that the public or any category thereof shall not be present at any proceedings or part thereof, the
High Court may –

(a) direct that no information relating to the proceedings, or any part thereof held behind closed
doors, shall be made public in any manner;

(b) direct that no person, in any manner, make public any information which may reveal the identity
of any witness in the p roceedings,

(c) give such directions in respect of the record of proceedings as may be necessary to protect the
identity of any witness:

Provided that the High Court may authorise the publication of so much information as it considers
would be just and e quitable.

(3) Any person who discloses any information in contravention of subsection (2) shall be guilty of an
offence and liable on conviction to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.

75. Offences relating to misuse of inform ation, failure to comply with order of court, and hindering
person in performance of functions

(1) Any person who knows or ought reasonably to have known –

(a) that information has been disclosed under the provisions of Chapter 3 or 5; or

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(b) that an in vestigation is being, or may be, conducted as a result of such a disclosure,

directly or indirectly alerts, or brings information to the attention of another person which will or is likely
to prejudice such an investigation, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) Any person who intentionally refuses or fails to comply with an order of court made in terms of Chapter
5 or 6, shall be guilty of an offence.

(3) Any person who hinders a curator bonis , a police official or any other person in the exercise,
perform ance or carrying out of his or her powers, functions or duties under Chapter 5 or 6, shall be
guilty of an offence.

(4) Any person convicted of an offence contemplated in –

(a) subsection (1) or (2) shall be liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a per iod not exceeding 15
years; or

(b) subsection (3) shall be liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.

76. Jurisdiction of courts

(1) A regional court shall have penal jurisdiction to impose a ny penalty mentioned in sectio n 8 or 71(3)(b) ,
even though that penalty may exceed the penal jurisdiction of that court.
(Section 76(1) substituted by section 40 of Act 24 of 1999)

(2) A magistrate’s court shall have penal jurisdiction to impose any penalty mentioned in section 10, ev en
though that penalty may exceed the penal jurisdiction of that court.

(3) A magistrates’ court or regional court shall have jurisdiction to make any order referred to in section
18(1), even though the amount payable under that order may exceed the civil jurisdiction of a
magistrate’s court or regional court.

77. Regulations

(1) The Minister may make regulations –

(a) with regard to the fees referred to in section 28(3)(c);

(b) with regard to the nature of the information contemplated in section 7 and the manner in which it
is to be reported;

(c) with regard to the designation of persons for purposes of section 7;

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(d) to prescribe from time to time the maximum allowable costs for l egal services provided in
connection with an application for a preservation of property order or forfeiture order or the
defending of a criminal charge which may be met out of property that is subject to a
preservation of property order;

(e) providing for any matter which is required or permitted to be or may be prescribed under any
provision of this Act; and

(f) providing for any matter which he or she may consider necessary or expedient to prescribe or to
regulate in order to achieve the objects of this Act.

(2) Regulations under subsection (1)(a) may prescribe costs by applying, adopting or incorporating, with
or without modification, the provisions of any act or any instrument made under an act or of any other
publication, whether of the same or a dif ferent kind, as in force on a particular day or as in force for the
time being.

(3) Any regulation made under this section, which may result in financial expenditure for the state shall be
made in consultation with the Minister of Finance.

(4) Any regula tion made under this section may provide that any person who contravenes a provisions
thereof or fails to comply therewith, shall be guilty of an offence and on conviction be liable to a fine or
to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years.

(5) Any regulation made under this section shall, before publication thereof in the Gazette , be submitted
to Parliament.

78. Liability

Any person generally or specifically authorised to perform any function in terms of this Act, shall not, in
his or her personal capacity, be liable for anything done in good faith under this Act.

79. Amendment and repeal of laws

(a) The International Co -operation in Criminal Matters Act, 1996 (Act No. 75 of 1996), is hereby
amended to the extent set out in Schedule 2.

(b) The Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, 1992 (Act No. 140 of 1992), is hereby amended to the
extent set out in Schedule 3.

(c) The Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996 (Act No. 76 of 1996), is hereby repealed.

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80. Transitional arrangements

(1) The person designat ed for purposes of section 31 of the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996 (Act No. 76 of
1996), and any curator bonis , trustee or other functionary appointed in terms of the provisions of that
Act shall, at the commencement of this Act, be deemed to have been duly designated or appointed to
the corresponding position under this Act and shall continue to hold office in accordance with the
applicable laws.

(2) All proceedings which immediately before the commencement of this Act were instituted in terms of
the provis ions of the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996, and which proceedings were pending before any
court of law or reviewing authority shall be dealt with as if this Act had not been passed.

(3) An investigation, or prosecution or other legal proceedings, in respect of conduct which would have
constituted an offence under the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996, and which occurred after the
commencement of that Act but before the commencement of this Act, may be instituted and continued
as if this Act had not been passed.
(Se ction 80(3) added by section 12 of Act 38 of 1999)

81. Short title and commencement

(1) This Act shall be called the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998, and shall come into operation
on a date fixed by the President in the Gazette .

(2) Different dates may be fixed in respect of different provisions of this Act.

SCHEDULE 1
(Sections 1, 38, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58 and 73)

1. murder;

2. rape;

3. kidnapping;

4. arson;

5. public violence;

6. robbery;

7. assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm;

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8. indecent assault;

9. the statutory offence of –

(a) unlawful carnal intercourse with a girl under a specified age;

(b) committing an immoral or indecent act with a girl or a boy under a specified age;

(c) so liciting or enticing such girl or boy to the commission of an immoral or indecent act;

10. any offence under any legislation dealing with gambling, gaming or lotteries;

11. contravention of section 20(1) of the Sexual Offences Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 19 57);

12. any offence contemplated in section 1(1) of the Corruption Act, 1992 (Act No. 94 of 1992);

13. extortion;

14. childstealing;

15. breaking or entering any premises whether under the common law or a statutory provision, with intent
to commit an offence;

16. malicious injury to property;

17. theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision;

18. any offence under section 36 or 37 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1955 (Act No. 62 of 1955);

19. fraud;

20. forgery or uttering a forged document knowing it to have been forged;

21. offences relating to the coinage;

22. any offence referred to in section 13 of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, 1992 (Act No. 140 of
1992);

23. any offence relating to the dealing in or smuggling of ammunition, firearms, explosives or armament
and the unlawful possession of such firearms, explosives or armament;

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24. any offence in contravention of section 36 of the Arms and Ammunition Act, 1969 (Act No. 75 of
1969);

25. dealing in, b eing in possession of or conveying endangered, scarce and protected game or plants or
parts or remains thereof in contravention of a statute or provincial ordinance;

26. any offence relating to exchange control;

27. any offence under any law relating to the illicit dealing in or possession of precious metals or precious
stones;

28. any offence contemplated in sections 1(1) and 1A(1) of the Intimidation Act, 1982 (Act No. 72 of
1982);

29. defeating or obstructing the course of justice;

30. perjury;

31. subornation of perjury;

32. any offence referred to in Chapter 3 or 4 of this Act;

33. any offence the punishment wherefor may be a period of imprisonment exceeding one year without
the option of a fine;

34. any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to com mit any offence referred to in this Schedule.

SCHEDULE 2

(Schedule 2 repealed by section 42 of Act 24 of 1999 and substituted by Schedule 3 of Act 121 of 1998 )

Amendment to Sections of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, 1992
(Act No. 140 of 1992)
(Section 79)

1. Amendment of section 1 by –

(a) the deletion of the definition of “convert”;

(b) the deletion of the definition of “defined crime”;

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(c) the deletion of the definition of “economic offence”;

(d) the deletion of the definition of “financ ial institution”; and

(e) the deletion of the definition of “proceeds”.

2. The repeal of section 6.

3. The repeal of section 7.

4. The amendment of section 9 by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection:

“(1) Any person may, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law which prohibits
him or her –

(a) from disclosing any information relating to the affairs or business of any other person; or

(b) from permitting any person to have access to any r egisters, records or other documents
which have a bearing on the said affairs or business,

disclose to any attorney -general or designated officer such information as he or she may consider
necessary for the prevention or combatting, whether in the Republi c or elsewhere, of a drug offence
[or an economic offence, or permit any designated officer to have access to any registers,
records or other documents which may in his opinion have a bearing on the latter
information.] “.

5. The amendment of section 10 by the deletion of subsection (2).

SCHEDULE 3

Amendment of the International Co -operation in Criminal Matters Act, 1996
(Act No. 75 of 1996)
(Section 79)

1. The amendment of section 1 by –

(a) the substitution for the definition of “confiscation order” of the following definition:

“‘confiscation order’ means a confiscation or forfeiture order made under the [Proceeds of
Crime Act, 1996] Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998 (Act No. 121 of 199 8);”; and

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(b) the substitution for the definition of “restraint order” of the following definition:

“‘restraint order’ means a restraint order or preservation o f property order made under the
[Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996] Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998 (Act No. 121 of 1998) ”.

(Schedule 3 added by section 43 of Act 24 of 1999)