All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors.
They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations.

The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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Division for Public Administration
and Development Management (DPADM)
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
United Nations

July 2004

Table of C ontents
Tabl e of Co ntent s………………………………………………………………
………………. 1
Cou ntry ………………………………………………………………
………………………….. 2
1. General In formati on………………………………………………………………
……….. 3
1.1 Peopl e………………………………………………………………
…………………….. 3
1.2 E conom y………………………………………………………………
…………………. 3
1.3 P ublic Spendi ng ………………………………………………………………
…………. 4
1.4 P ublic Sector Empl oyment a nd Wages ………………………………………………. 4
2. Legal Str ucture ………………………………………………………………
……………… 5
2.1 Legi slative Branch ………………………………………………………………
………. 5
2.2 E xecu tive Branch ………………………………………………………………
……….. 5
2.3 J udiciar y Branc h………………………………………………………………
………… 6
2.4 Local Go vernment ………………………………………………………………
………. 6
3. T he Stat e and Civil Soci ety ………………………………………………………………
.. 8
3.1 Ombud sperson ………………………………………………………………
………….. 8
3.2 NGOs ………………………………………………………………
……………………… 8
3.3 Ci vil Soci ety ………………………………………………………………
……………… 8
4. Ci vil Servi ce………………………………………………………………
…………………. 9
4.1 Legal basis………………………………………………………………
……………….. 9
4.2 Recrui tment ………………………………………………………………
……………… 9
4.3 Promot ion………………………………………………………………
……………….. 10
4.4 Remu ne rati on ………………………………………………………………
………….. 10
4.5 Trai ning ………………………………………………………………
………………….. 10
4.6 Gende r………………………………………………………………
…………………… 10
5. E thics a nd Ci vil Service ………………………………………………………………
…… 11
5.1 Corrupti on………………………………………………………………
………………. 11
5.2 E thics ………………………………………………………………
…………………….. 11
6. e-Gove rn ment ………………………………………………………………
……………… 13
6.1 e-Gover nment Readi ness …………………………………………………………….. 13
6.2 e-Par ticipati on………………………………………………………………
………….. 14
7. Li nks ………………………………………………………………
…………………………. 15
7.1 Nati onal si tes ………………………………………………………………
…………… 15
7.2 Mi scel laneou s si tes ………………………………………………………………
…….. 15

1

Cou ntry
Click here for ma p of Sou th E ast Af rica

Source: The Wo rld Factbook – Swaziland
S wazilan d regain ed h er in depen den ce from
Brit ish protection in 1968. The Co nstitutional Law
Act, No. 50 of 1968 cr eated a We stminster type
Parliam entary Sy stem w hich in corporat ed
Sw az ilan d’s tradit ion al sy stem of au th orit y. The
blendi ng of the two s ystems has given a uni que
flavour of duality to the countr y’s governance
structures a nd processe s.
In 1973 the 1968 Constitution was repea led b y a
King’s Proclamation. The Decree provided for
vesti ng al l Execu tive, Le gislat ive and Jud icial
powers in His Majesty the King. In effect,
however, these powers were delegated and
exercised b y separate arms of government by
provision of the 1973 a nd later Decrees. In 1978
by an Order in C ouncil, P arliamen t w as re-
establ ished based on t he Ti nkh undl a
(constituency) electoral system.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

Govern ment type
Monarchy ; in depen dent
member of Commonwe alth

Inde pen dence
6 September 1968 (from UK)

Consti tuti on
None i; cons tituti on of 6
September 1968 was
suspended 12 April 1973; a
new co nsti tution was
promulgated 13 Octobe r
1978, b ut was not form ally
presented to the people;
since then a few more
outl ines for a consti tu tion
have been compiled under the
Cons tituti on al Revi ew
Commission (CR C), b ut so far
none have been accept ed
(click here for draf t)

Lega l sys tem
Based on R oman-D utch an d
English C ommon law ii in
statutory co urts a nd S wazi
tradit ion al law and cu stom in
tradit ion al c ourts; has not
accepted co mpulsory
In tern ational C ourt of Ju stice
jurisdiction

Administr ative divi sions
4 districts; Hhohho,
Lubombo, M anzini, Sh iselw eni
Source: The Wo rld Factbook – Swaziland

i A Constitution Dr afting Committee was establi shed in February, 2002 V ide De cree No. 1 of 2002 ( click h ere) ii UN DP – S wazil and
2
SS WW AA ZZ IILL AA NN DD

11.. GG eenneerraall IInnffoorrmm aattiioonn

1.1 Pe ople Swa zilan d Lesotho South Af rica 1
Popu lation a
Total estimate d popu lation (,000), 2003 1,078 1,801 45, 026
Fema le estimated popu lation (,000), 2003 563 965 23, 023
Male estimat ed popu lation ( ,000), 2003 515 836 22, 003
Sex rat io (males per 100 female s), 2003 91 87 96
Averag e annua l rate of chang e of pop. (%), 2000- 2005 0.8 0.14 0.59
Youth and Eld erly Population b
Total popu lation unde r age 15 (%), 2003 43 40 33
Fema le popu lation age d 60+ (%), 2003 5 7 7
Male popu lation age d 60+ (%), 2003 5 7 5
Human Se ttlements c
Urban popu lation (%), 2001 27 29 58
Rural popu lation (%), 2001 73 71 42
Urban av erag e a nnual rate of c hange in pop. (%) , ‘00-‘05 2.17 3.38 2.09
Rural av erage an nual rat e of cha nge in po p/ (%) , ‘00-‘05 0.44 -0. 38 -1. 12
Education d
Total schoo l life expectancy, 200 0/2001 12. 1i 10. 2 12.6 1
Fema le schoo l life expectancy , 2000/2001 11. 8i 10. 5 12.7 1
Male schoo l life expe ctancy , 2000/2001 12. 5i 9.8 12.6 1
Fema le est imated adu lt (15+) illi teracy rate (%) , 2000 21. 4ii 6.4 15.4 2
Male est imat ed a dult (15+) illitera cy rate (%) , 2000 19. 2ii 27. 4 14 2
Employ ment e
Unempl oyme nt rate (15+ ) (%) , 1997 .. .. 5.4iii 1
Fema le adult (+1 5) econo mic act ivity rat e (%) , xx xx 28iv .. 50v 2
Male ad ult (+15) econo mic act ivity rate (%) , xxxx 64iv .. 80v 2
Not es: i 1999/ 2000; ii 1986; iii Bas ed on reg istered unemployment from em ploym ent office records; W hites, Coloured and As ians. Exc luding Transke i, Bophutha tswana, Ve nda , Cisk ei, Kwaz ulu, KaNgw ane, Qwa Q wa, G azankul u, L ebowa and KwaNde bele; iv 198 6; v 1991, Age 20+ years
1.2 Ec onomy Swa zilan d Lesotho South Af rica 2
GDP a
GDP total (millions U S$), 2002 1,177 730 104, 235
GDP pe r capi ta (US$), 2002 1,082 350 2,392
PPP GDP tota l (millions int. US$), 2002 4,900 4,742 i 441, 573 i
PPP GDP per ca pita(i nt. US$), 2002 4,504 2,272 i 10, 132 i
Sectors b
Val ue adde d in agriculture (% of GDP), 2003 11. 3 15. 7 3.8
Val ue adde d in industry (% of G DP), 2003 47. 8 42. 1 31. 0
Val ue adde d in services (% of GDP), 2003 40. 8 42. 1 65. 2
Miscell aneous c
GDP imp licit price def lato r (annua l % gro wth), 200 3 9.0 9.8 5.9
Private consu mption ( % of GDP), 2003 65. 7 84. 6 67. 3
Governme nt con sumpt ion (% of GDP), 2003 25. 1 33. 4 13. 8
Not es: i Est imate is base d on regressio n; other PPP figures ar e extrapo lated from the latest In ternatio nal Co mparison Programme benchma rk estimate s
1 United Na tions Statistics Division: a Stati stics D ivision and Popu lation Division of th e UN Sec retar iat; b Stati stics D ivision and P opulation Division of the UN Secr etar iat; c Popul ation D ivision of the U N Secretariat; d1 UNE SCO ; d2 UNES CO ; e1 ILO ; e2 ILO/OEC D 2 Wor ld Ba nk – Data and Stat istics:
3
a Qui ck R eferenc e Tab les; b Data Prof ile Tab les ; c Country at a Glance

1.3 P ublic Spending Swa zilan d Lesotho South Af rica
Public exp endit ures 3
Educat ion ( % of GNP), 1985-198 7 5.6 4.1 6.1 a
Educat ion ( % of GNP), 1995-199 7 5.7 8.4 7.6 a
Health (% of G DP), 1990 1.9 2.6 3.1
Health (% of G DP), 1998 2.5 .. 3.3
Mili tary (% of GDP), 1990 1.5 3.9 3.8 b
Mili tary (% of GDP), 2000 1.6 3.1i 1.5 b
Total de bt se rvice (% of G DP), 1990 5.6 3.8 ..
Total de bt se rvice (% of G DP), 2000 1.6 7.3 3.1
Not es: i 1999

1.4 Pub lic Sector Emp loy ment and Wa ges
Data fr om the latest year availab le

Swazil and 1991-1995 Swazil and 1996-2000
Sub-Saharan Africa average 4 1996-2000
Non- Francopho ne Africa average 4 1996-2000
Middle income group average 4 1996-2000
Employm ent
(,000) .. .. Civilian Ce ntral Go vernment5 (% pop. ) .. .. 0.30 0.38 0.59
(,000) .. .. Sub-nat iona l Gov ernm ent5
(% pop. ) .. .. 0.30 0.38 0.59
(,000) .. .. Educat ion em ployees (% pop. ) .. .. 0.62 0.78 1.20
(,000) .. .. Hea lth e mployees (% pop. ) .. .. 0.29 0.20 0.70
(,000) .. .. Police (% pop. ) .. .. 0.07 .. 0.30
(,000) .. .. Arme d forc es (% pop. ) .. .. 0.26 0.31 0.46
(,000) .. .. SOE Em ploye es (% pop .) .. .. .. .. 3.61
(,000) .. .. Total Pub lic Em ployment (% pop .) .. .. .. .. 6.05
Wages
Total Central gov ‘t w age bill (% of G DP) .. 13. 1 6.1 6.9 8.5
Total Central gov ’t w age bill (% of e xp) .. .. 28. 9 26. 4 21. 6
Ave rage gov’t w age (,000 LC U) .. 33. 933
Real av e. gov’t wage (’97 pri ce) (,000 LC U) .. 31. 387
Ave rage gov’t w age to pe r capita G DP ratio .. 4.8 4.8 2.8 4.2
Source: World B ank – Public Sect or Emplo yme nt a nd Wages
Click her e for “T rends in Personn el Expenditure ” (Chapter 4 in Pub lic Sector M anag em ent Prog ramm e Docu ment )
3 UND P – Human Devel opme nt Report 2002 a Data refer to total public ex penditure o n education, including current and capital expenditures. b As a re sult of a numb er of lim itations in the data, compar isons of military exp enditure data ov er t ime and a cross countri es shou ld be ma de with ca ution. For detailed note s on the data se e SI PRI (2 001). 4 Averag es for regions and sub r egions ar e on ly generate d if da ta is avail able for at least 35% of th e countr ies in that reg ion or sub reg ion.
4
5 Excluding education, health and police – if available (view Countr y Sourc es for further ex planat ions).

22.. LLeeggaall SS ttrruuccttuurree

S wazilan d is gov ern ed as a t radit ional mo narchy, wi th t he Ki ng wi elding extensi ve
executive, leg islat ive an d judicia l powers vested in him by the 1973 Royal
Procl amati on u nder which t he c onsti tuti on was s uspe nded and polit ical parties
banned. The supremacy of the 1973 Proclamati on was r eaffirmed in a Decree is sued
by King Mswati in July 2001.
Source: Europe an Commission (Development) – Countr y Strateg y Paper & National I ndicative Programme (2001 -2007 )

2.1 Legi slative Br anc h
Bicamer al Parl iament or Li ba ndla, an a dvis ory body, consist s of the House of Assembl y and the Se nate. 6
wome n in par liament : 9 out o f 30 seats: (30%). 7 out of 65 seats (11%). 7
The Establishment of Swaziland Parliament Order No. 1 of 1992
increased the number of members of parli ament to si xty f ive (65).
Fifty-five (55) members are dire ctly elected from the fifty
consti tuen cies (Ti nkh un dla) and ten (10) members are appointed
by the Head of State.
The E stablish men t of the P arliam ent of Sw az ilan d Orde r N o.1 o f
1992 also increased the number of Senators to thirty (30). Ten
(10) are e lected by t he House of Assembly and twe nty (20)
appointed b y the King .
There are no specific provisions with regards a place given to
women, young people, physical d isabled etc., but the
Establishment of Parliament Or der No.1 of 1992 provides that
those appointed by the Head of St ate in eithe r C hamber includes,
inter a lia, Tradit ion al leaders ( Chiefs), M embers of t he Roy al
Family ( bot h cat egori es are n ot elig ible t o st an d f or gen era l
elect ions due to their socia l po sition s in Sw az i Societ y) on a
rot ation al basis an d ot her special in terest s w hich may in clu de
women, yo ung people and members of relig ious groups d epending
of their repr esentation in ei ther Chamber of Pa rliament.
The term of Offi ce i s five (5) years.
Source: Swaziland Gover nment – About Parliamen t

2.2 E xecut ive Br anch
cabi net: Cabi net recommen ded b y the prim e minister a nd confirme d b y the mon arch
electi ons: no ne ; the monarch i s hered itar y; pr ime minister ap poi nted b y the monarc h
The curren t consti tu tional arran gements as set out i n the
Establishment o f Parliament Orde r of 1992 p rovide for executive
authori ty to be vested in the Ki ng. He exerc ises his authority as
both Head of State of the mo dern government as well as
lngw en yama, tradit ion al le ader an d cu stodian of Sw az i L aw and
6 Sourc e of fact b oxes if noth ing else stated: The W orld Factbo ok – Swazil and 7 Inter- Parliament ary U nion – Wo men in Na tional Parliaments
5
Fact box :
elections: House of
Assembly – last held
18 Octobe r 2003
(next t o be held
October 2 008)
election results:
House of Assembly –
balloting is done on a
nonpart y basis;
candidates for
election are
nominated b y the
local council of each
constituency an d for
each constituency
the three candid ates
with the most votes
in the first round of
voting are nar rowed
to a single w inne r by
a second round
Fact box :
chief of state: King
MSWATI III (since 25
April 1986)

Custom. The responsib ilities of the Monarchy are share d by the
King an d Q ueen Mo the r (Indl ovu kazi).
The day- to- day manag ement of go vernment b usiness i s carri ed out
by a Cabi ne t of Mi niste rs headed b y a Pri me Mi nister, al l of whom
are appointed by the King. Senior civil servants are also a ppointed
by t he Ki ng .8
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

2.3 J udici ary Br anch
High C ourt; Co urt of Appea l; judg es for bot h courts are ap pointe d b y the monarc h.
An independent J udiciary is headed by th e C hief Justice. C ourts operate at the
su bordin ate, High C ourt an d Appellat e level. T radit ion al cou rts preside ov er mat ters
appertaining Swa zi Law and Custom as well as id en tified cri minal an d min or
offences. Th is sy stem of tradit ion al cou rts als o has an appellate division. Attempts to
harmon ise t he t wo ( 2) legal sy stems f ollow s the exercise of C odificatio n of Swazi Law
and Custom.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

2.4 Loc al Gove rn me nt
Swaziland is divided into four (4 ) geograph ical and administrative reg ions of Hho hho,
Manzini, Lu bombo an d Sh iselw eni. E ach region has a distri ct administration
responsible for coordinating the functions of Government at district level. The
political h ead o f a region is the R egional A dministrator. T he A dministrative H ead o f
the region is the Regional Secret ary who facilitates coordinati on and provision of
technical and social services to the peopl e wi thin the regi on. Several Ministries such
as Educa tion, Heal th, Agri cul ture, operate wi th di strict l evel personnel . Di stri ct
Admin istrat ion f ails w ithin th e port folio of t he D eput y P rime M inister w ho is
responsi ble for Regi onal Devel opment a nd Tink hu ndl a Admi nistrati on.
According to the Urban Government Ac t of 1969, urban local authorities fall
admi nistrativel y wi thi n the portf olio of the Ministry of Housing a nd U rban
Devel opment. Mu nicipal el ect ions are hel d every three (3) years t o consti tute Ci ty
Coun cils or T own Boards. T hese au thorit ies operate as parastatals. They manage
thei r own budgets, levy rates a nd provi de i nfrastructure and basic s ocial servic es
within th eir ju risdict ion . Bu dget su bsidies are a llocat ed f rom cen tral gov ern men t.
About 80 % of t he cou ntry’ s pop ulation resi des in rural and semi -ur ban areas. The
administration of these areas fails under the authori ty of Chi efs. T hese tradi tional
au thorit ies are t he represen tatives of th e K ing at local l evel. T hey allocat e lan d for
family u se an d h ave respon sibil ity for t he welfare of people li ving i n the area as wel l
as ensuri ng mai ntenan ce of l aw and order. The offi ce of Chi ef i s heredi tary and non-
salaried.
The administration of local au thori ties in the con stituencies ( Tinkhundla) con sist s of
an el ected Headman (indv una) an d Counci l (Buc opho) whose term of office coin cides
with Parlia mentary elections. There appe ars to be some over lap an d du plicat ion
8 European Co mmi ssion (Developme nt) – Country St rate gy Paper & Nati ona l Indicat ive P rogramme (20 01-2007)
6
Fact box (cont..):
head of gover nment:
Prime Minister
Absolom Themb a
DLAMINI (since 14
November 20 03)

between the roles and functions of Memb er of P arliamen t, Ch ief , T radit ional
Headman , Elect ed Head man , as w ell as local co uncils.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
7
Not available online

33.. TThhee SS ttaattee aanndd CC iivviill SS oocciieettyy

3.1 O m budspe rso n

Source: Institution – Title

3.2 NGOs
The N on- gov ern men tal sect or is h igh ly act ive in Sw az ilan d play ing a complemen tary
role in natio nal development. The Governme nt is respon sible f or ov er all dev elop men t
policy , prov ision of in frast ructu re an d basi c social serv ices. N G0s are in volved in
del ivery of serv ices t o grassroot s commu nities target ing specia l in terest grou ps.
The majority of NG0s are involve d in Soci al Welfare activities addre ssing the needs
of v ulnerable grou ps such as the aged, youth, or people with disabilities. There ar e
also numerous self-help income -generating associations assisting in the transition
from subsistence to the formal business economy. Specialized NG0s deal with
promot ion of E ducat ion , Agricu lture, Hea lth or E nvironmen tal aw aren ess sk ills. T he
adv ent of HIV/ AID S has seen the prolif er ation of N G0s for dealin g with combat ing
the effects of the epidemic.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

3.3 Ci vil Society

Source: Institution – Title

8

44.. CC iivviill SS eerrvviiccee

A Public Sector Management Programme ( PSM P) was launched i n Ju ne 199 5 to
address challenges in the short a nd medium term. In 1998, the Mi nistry of Public
Service and Information revise d a nd refoc use d the Progr amme.
Source: Gove rnment of S waziland – Public Sector Management P rogramme Docume nt

4.1 Leg al basis
At the ce ntral level the operat ion s of the civ il serv ice are governed and guided by the
provisions of the Public Se rvice Act/Civil Service Orde r No. 34 of 1963, the Civil
Service Boa rd (General Regulations Act No. 3 4 of 1963 )9, the Ind ustri al Relati ons Act
No. 1 of 2 000, the Employment Act No . 5 of 1980, the Occupa tional Healt h and
Safety Act No. 9 of 2 001, the Pensions Order No. 13 of 1983 and the S waziland
Government General Order governi ng the Te rms and Co ndi tions of Servi ce for civil
servants. 10
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

4.2 R ecrui tment
The C ivil Se rvice Board 11 is responsibl e for the recrui tment and appoi ntment to, a nd
promotion and disciplin e of pe rsons in the civil service. 12
Recru itmen t is gen era lly gu ided by the provisions of th e Public Service Act and the
Empl oyme nt Act .
How to en ter the Civil Servi ce:
• A vacant po st exists;
• The v acan t post is adv ertised ( intern ally or pu blic) ;
• Receiv e applicat ion s from prospect ive civ il serv an ts;
• Apti tude tes ting;
• Interviewing;
• Appointment on the basis of passing ap titu de test, i ntervi ews and medi cal
examinatio n;
• Actual appo intment app roved by CSB
Cate gori es:
• Probat ion ary appoin tmen ts – 2 years;
• Contrac t ap poi ntments – 2 or 3 yea rs;
9 The Ci vil Service Board w as origi nally a Public Service Commi ssion whose auton omy had been enshri ned in the 1968 Inde pende nce co nsti tution. A 1973 Orde r in Council turne d it into t he Civil Service Board w hose stat us is advisory . (Political Commi tment to Reform: Ci vil Se rvice Reform i n Swazil and – 2003 ) 10 See Chapt er 5.2 for the Pub lic Servic e C harter . 11 The ma in object ives of th e C ivil Service B oard include: 1) Th e re cruitment a nd retention of the right numb er and quali ty of staff, a nd 2) Prov ision o f equa l op portun ity and fair treat ment in appo intments , promot ions, d iscipline, secon dment and term ination of th e e mployment of civil servants .
9
12 Gover nment of Swaz iland – Civ il Service B oard (CSB)

• Temporary appoin tmen ts – unspecif ied;
• Extra cl eri cal terms (casual ) – 3 m onths or mo re;
• Daily rat ed t erms – un specif ied.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

4.3 Pro m otion
Promotions – a preserve of CSB based on:
• Meri t;
• Sati sfactory performanc e;
• Relevant experience;
• Seniority
CSB delegated some of its powers to “I nternal Cadre Promotions Boards” who
deliberate on a case and make its reco mm endations to C SB on the basis o f a
rel evant Ca dre Schemes of Servi ce.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

4.4 R em unerati on

Source: Institution – Title

4.5 Tr aini ng
National, regional and privat e sector agencies offer trai ning. The S wazi land Inst itute
of Manage ment and Public Admi nistrati on ( SIMPA ) is t he gov ern ment ‘s Civil Ser vice
Col lege. This i nsti tuti on is responsibl e for the induc tion of new entra nts into the Ci vil
Servi ce. Fu rther trai ning up to M iddl e Management i s undertake n for t he di fferent
cadres of Fi nance, Human Resource an d Inf ormat ion T ech nology . Execut ive
Developme nt program mes are m ounted for se lect ed iss ues of Govern an ce, P olicy or
St rat egic M anagemen t. T his in stitution is f ully f unded by t he Gov ern men t an d
mandated a nd mana ged thro ugh the Mi nistry of P ublic Servi ce and In formati on.
Region al institution s operat ing in Sw az ilan d in clu de t he In stitute of D evelopmen t
Managemen t (IDM) coveri ng the three (3 ) countries of Botswa na, Lesotho and
Sw az ilan d. Mananga Man agemen t In stitut e as w ell as In tern ation al D evelopmen t
Centre for Africa (IDCA) draw clients from the Africa reg ion to their local campuses.
Civil Serv an ts part icipat e in region al t raining programmes suc h as those offere d by
the Eas tern and Sout hern Afri can Manageme nt Ins titute (ESA MI) a s wel l as South
Afri can Uni versi ties. Di stance l earning Insti tutes such as T echnikon S A and University
of South Africa (UNISA) o ffer further opport unities for Civil Servants career
developmen t.
Source: CAFRA D – Qu estionnaire on National Pu blic Administration
Not available online

4.6 Gen der

10
Source: Institution – Title

55.. EEtthhiiccss aanndd CC iivviill SS eerrvviiccee

5.1 C orru ption
2003 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by
business people and co untr y analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0
(hi ghly corr upt) .

Co rruptio n Pe rce ptio ns Inde x

2003 C PI Score Surveys Use d Standard Dev iation High-Lo w Range Num ber Inst.
90 pe rcent conf idence range
Rank Country
1 Highl y clean 9.7 8 0.3 9.2 – 10. 0 4 9.5 – 9. 9
.. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. ..
133 Highl y corrup t 1.3 8 0.7 0.3 – 2. 2 6 0.9 – 1. 7
Source: Transpa renc y Inte rnation al – Corruption P erceptions Index 2003
Surveys U sed: Refers to the number of surve ys that were used to assess a country’s perfor mance. 17 surve ys were
used and at least 3 surve ys were required for a cou ntry to be included in the CPI.
Stand ard De viation: Indicates differences in the values of the sour ces. Values belo w 0.5 indicate ag reement, values
bet ween 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreeme nt, while va lues equ al or larger t han 1 indicate disagreement.
High -Lo w Rang e: Provides the h ighest and lowest values of the sources.
Num ber Ins tituti ons: Refe rs to th e number of inde pendent institutions that assessed a countr y’s perf ormance. Since
some institutions provided more t han one surve y.
90 perce nt confi dence ra nge : Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent p robabilit y the score
is above this range and with anot her 5 pe rcent it is below .
The Anti-Corruption Commission was estab lished by the Prevention of Corruption
Order (Order No. 19 o f 1993) 1993 and was of ficia lly launched by the Prime Minister
in February 1998.
Source: Gove rnment of S waziland – Anti-Co rruptio n Commission
Most o f the strategies adopted by the Co mmission in fighti ng corruption were
preventive in nature.
A strategy cal led ‘Inve stigati on Di rectorat e’ was set up to underta ke investigation
duties. Corr uption dete cted and reports re ceived are investigated and appropriate
cases f orw arded t o the D irect or of P ublic P rosecu tion s (D. P.P.) for inst ituting legal
proceedings.
Source: Indepen dent Commission Against Corrup tion (ICAC) – The Sw aziland Pers pective
In hi s Ne w Year Mess age Pri me Mi nister Dl ami ni hi ghlighted corr uption as on e of
many problems Government faces. The Prim e Mi nister menti oned that the ac tivities
of the An ti-C orru pt ion Un it w ould be improv ed to en able it to deal w ith th e sy ndrome
effecti vely.
Source: Gove rnment of S waziland – Ne w Year Me ssage 2003

5.2 Ethics
Swaz iland P ublic Ser vice Charter (cli ck h ere)
Chapter 1: General pr ovisions (preamble, purpose, scop e and definitions, guiding
prin cipl es wit h regard to in tegrit y, polit ica l rig hts, equ ality of treat men t, con tinuit y of
servi ce, etc.); Chapter 2: Duti es, obli gati ons and pri vileges; Chap ter 3: Code of
11

12
conduct (oath, standards of behaviour); Chapter 4: Improved service quality;
Chapter 5: Implementation
Source: International Labour Organization (NATLEX) – Swaziland: Public and Civil Servants

66.. ee–GG oovveerrnnmm eenntt

e-Go vernmen t
Readi ness In dex:
The inde x refe rs to the
generic capacity or
aptitude of the p ublic
sector to use ICT for
encapsulating in public
services and deploy ing
to the public, high
quality infor mation
(explicit know led ge) and
effective communication
tools that support
human developm ent.
The inde x is comprised
of three sub -inde xes:
Web Measure In dex,
Telecommunications
Infrastructure Ind ex and
Human Capital I ndex.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Swaziland
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
e- Gover nm ent R ead iness I ndex
6.1 e -Gove rnme nt Re adi ness

Web Measure Index:
A scale based on
progressively
sophisticated w eb
services present.
Coverage an d
sophistication of state-
provided e-service and
e-product availability
correspond to a
numerical classification.
Source: HUnited Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003 H
13
Teleco mm uni cations
Infrastr ucture In dex:
A composite, w eighted
average inde x of six
primar y indices, based
on basic infrastructural
indicators that define a
countr y’s ICT infr a-
structure capacity.
Primar y indicator s are:
PC’s, Internet us ers,
online population and
Mobile phones.
Secondar y indica tors
are TVs and t elephone
lines.

Huma n Ca pital Index :
A composite of the adult literac y rate and the com bined primar y, secondar y and ter tiary gross enrolm ent ratio, with t wo thirds of the weight
given to adult literac y and one thir d to the gr oss enrolment ratio.

0
0.1
0.2
3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.

Swaziland
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
W eb Meas ure Index Telecom. Infrastructure Index Human Capital Inde x
Sou rce: H United Nations –World Public Sec tor R epo rt 2 003 H

e-Partici pation
Index :
Refer s to the willing-
ness, on the part of
the government , to
use ICT to p rovide
high qualit y infor ma-
tion (explicit know-
ledge) and eff ective
communication tools
for the specific
purpose of emp ower-
ring people for able
participation in
consultations and
decision-making both
in their capacity as
consumers of pu blic
services and as
citizens.
6.2 e -Partic ipati on
e-informa tion:
The govern ment
websites offer
information on
policies and
programs, b udge ts,
law s and regulati ons,
and other briefs of
key public interest.
Tools for dissemi-
nating of informa tion
exist for timel y access
and use of public
information, including
web forums, e -mail
lists, new sgroups and
chat rooms.
e-decis ion maki ng:
The govern ment
indicates that it will
take citizens input
into account in
decision making and
provides actual
feedback on the
outcome of specific
issues.
e-co nsul tati on:
The govern ment website explains e-consultation mechanisms and tool s. It offers a choice of public policy topics online for disc ussion w ith
real time and arc hived access to audios and vi deos of public meetings. The gover nment enc ourag es citizens to participate in dis cussions.
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Swaziland
Botswan
a
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
e-information e-decisio n makin g e-cons ulta tion
Source: HUnited Nations –World Public Sector Re port 2003 Hd
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Swaziland
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
e-Particip atio n In dex
Source: HUnited Nations –World Public Sector Re port 2003 Hd

77.. LLiinnkkss

7.1 Nati onal sites
Author ity Topic
Swazil and’s I nternet Porta l https:// www .swazi.com
Parl iam ent https:// www .gov.sz/home.asp?pid=53
Govern men t https:// www .gov.sz/

7.2 Mi scellan eous si tes
Institu tion Topic
African Dev elopme nt Ba nk (A DB ) https:// www .afdb. org/
African Training and Resear ch Centre in Administra tion for D evel opment (C AFR AD) https:// www .caf rad.org/
African Un ion ( AU) https:// www .africa-union.org/
European Un ion (EU) https://euro pa.eu.i nt/comm/development/ACP countr ies
Inter nationa l Labour Organiz ation (ILO ) – NATLEX https:// www .ilo.org /dyn/natle x/natle x_bro wse.home
New Partnership for Afri ca’s Devel opment (NEPA D) https:// www .nepa d.org/
Un ited Na tio ns Dev elopment Programme ( UND P) https:// www .undp. org.sz/
Uni ted N ations Econo mic Commi ssion for Afri ca (ECA ) https:// www .uneca .org/
UN PA N https:// www .unpa n.org/virtual_libra ry-byregion.asp
World Bank (W B) https:// www .world bank.org/sz
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