Source: CIA World Factbook

International and Regional Human Rights Agreements

* Category includes ratification, accession, or succession to the treaty

Constitutional Framework

The Constitution of Nepal came into force on September 20, 2015 (unofficial English language version; official Nepali version). Relevant constitutional provisions include the following:

• Articles 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 43 relate to various individual freedoms, including civil rights (right to life, dignity, equality and freedom, right to information, right to justice, right to social security, etc.) and political rights (rights to association, expression, and exchange of ideas, participation in the state system, etc.)
• Articles 17, 25, 29 33, and 34 outline economic rights (rights relating to opportunity for proper employment, freedom from exploitation, freedom from hunger, right to food security and food sovereignty, right to select one’s occupation, etc.)
• Articles 31, 35, 38, 39, and 40 guarantee social rights (rights to education, rights to health and medical facilities,  rights of children, rights of women, rights of Dalits, etc.)
• Article 26 and 32 guarantee cultural rights (rights to religious freedom, right to participate in religious cultural and traditional practices without hurting the sentiment and dignity of others).
• Part 3, Article 17 guarantees a set of freedoms for an enabling environment for civil society. Article 17(1) states “Except as provided for by law no person shall be deprived of her/his personal liberty.” Article 17(2) lists the following freedoms for every citizen:
  • Freedom of opinion and expression;
  • Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms;
  • Freedom to form political parties;
  • Freedom to form unions and associations;
  • Freedom to move and reside in any part of Nepal; and
  • Freedom to engage in any occupation or be engaged in employment, establish and operate industry, trade and business in any part of Nepal.

However, each of these freedoms is subject to a separate clause on “reasonable restrictions” on acts that may undermine a number of things, including the “nationality, sovereignty, independence, and indivisibility of Nepal;” “national security;” or the “harmonious relations” between federal units or people of different castes, ethnicities, religions, or communities. Article 51 outlines policies that the state will pursue, including “policies regarding social justice and inclusion.” It states that the government will adopt policies “involving NGOs and INGOs only in the areas of national needs and priority, by adopting a one-door policy for the establishment, endorsement, engagement, regulation and management of such organizations, and by making the investment and role of such organizations accountable and transparent.”

On January 23, 2016, Nepal amended the new constitution for the first time. Article 42, which addresses marginalized groups such as Dalits, ethnic and sexual minorities, and citizens in underdeveloped regions, was amended to specify that their employment in state structures and public service will be guided by the principle of proportional inclusion. Article 286 was also amended to require population to be the first priority and geography the second when determining the 165 electoral constituencies of the House of Representatives.

In 2020, a second amendment to Nepal’s constitution updated the country’s map to include Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani in Nepali territory. The amendment passed both Houses of Parliament and received approval from the President. However, these territories have remained disputed land since India remains in control of those lands.

National Laws and Regulations Affecting Sector

Relevant national-level laws and regulations affecting civil society include:

• The Association Registration Act (1977) is the primary framework law for CSOs in Nepal.  Registration under the Association Registration Act is required for an organization to function legally.  Under the Act, an “association” means an association, institution, club, circle, council, study center, etc. established for the purpose of developing and extending social, religious, literary, cultural, scientific, educational, intellectual, philosophical, physical, economical, vocational, and philanthropic activities. It also includes friendship associations.
• The National Directorate Act (1961) (Rastriya Nirdeshan Ain 2018) aims to ensure that professional organizations and groups engage in both the development of their members and nation building, with pre-approval and consent from the government. CSOs registered under this Act include the Nepal Bar Association, Nepal Press Council, Teachers Union of Nepal, Nepal Federation of Journalist Associations and the NGO Federation of Nepal.  Unless formed by the government itself, any group wishing to register under this Act must apply and receive approval from the Cabinet through the relevant line ministry or be established or envisioned in the law. For instance, the formation of a single Teachers Union was envisioned in the Education Act.
• The Social Welfare Act (1992) governs the provision of “social welfare” activity and “social service” activity.  To receive foreign funding and implement programs with foreign support, local CSOs must receive advance approval from the Social Welfare Council.
• The Local Governance Act (2017) that replaced the Local Self-Governance Act (1999) encourages CSOs, including NGOs, user committees, cooperative institutions, and other social and community organizations, to work in coordination with local governments (Ward offices, Rural Municipalities, Municipalities, and Metropolitan cities). Several types of work require coordination and prior approval from the local governments, under clause 25 of the Act: (a) To carry out any kind of study, survey or programme only on the basis of an agreement with the local level; (b) To include its annual plan, programme and budget in the local level’s annual plan, programme and budget; (c) To adopt the joint monitoring and progress reporting system as designated by the local level. Local officials may halt the implementation of any activities an organisation conducts in violation of this clause. According to Clause 15 of the Act, the rural municipality and municipality may, while carrying out development works and service delivery related work at the local level, encourage the mobilization and promotion of users, private sector, community organisations, cooperatives and non-government sector within its area.
• The Company Act (2006) (paragraph 19, articles 166 and 167) provides the legal basis for registration of not-for-profit business organizations and consultancy companies. Registration requires at least five citizens coming together to promote any profession, business, intellectual, educational, social, charity, or welfare activities, with a non-profit intent.

Pending NGO Legislative / Regulatory Initiatives

The political dynamics in Nepal have remained highly fluid and the country’s bureaucracy has been waiting for the political leadership to take action on the below initiatives. As a result, several of them have seen few new developments in the past several years.

1. In 2018, the Government of Nepal proposed the Social Organization Act – 2075, which is intended to facilitate organizations’ registration in the changed political context. The Act would supersede three other Acts – the Association Registration Act, National Directorate Act, and Social Welfare Act – to simplify the registration of domestic and international NGOs. The Ministry of Home Affairs drafted the Act, which envisions NGOs/INGOs becoming registered either at the federal, provincial, or local level and renewed at the level where registered. The proposed Social Organization Act assigns the Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens to regulate domestic and international NGOs registered under the Act.

Despite some positive provisions, NGOs believe the proposed Act still carries a “controlling mindset” and does not facilitate the type of enabling environment for which they have been advocating. For more information in Nepali, see this link.

2. On April 15, 2018, the Government of Nepal proposed the National Integrity Policy (NIP), 2018. The proposed Policy has drawn heavy criticism for its controlling approach. The draft NIP includes provisions governing national and international NGOs (INGOs). For example, INGOs would be required to secure approval for their annual work plans and budgets from the Ministry of Finance and would be subject to limitations on the number of foreigners they could employ. The draft NIP also envisions a special mechanism under the Ministry of Home Affairs to exercise oversight over NGO activities.

Four UN Special Rapporteurs, including David Kaye, Clement Nyaletsossi Voule, Michel Forst and Ahmed Shaheed, have raised concerns about the draft NIP and have questioned three categories of provisions of the draft NIP: definitions and reporting requirements, restrictions on scope of activities, and access to funding. They have also pointed out that the reporting and procedural requirements in the NIP would be highly burdensome for NGOs, especially small ones that do not have strong financial capacities and resources. The requirement for an NGO to obtain the Ministry of Finance’s approval of its annual budget and program are likewise burdensome. In addition, the four experts are concerned that Articles 9.2.3 (2) and 9.2.3 (4) impose heavier reporting requirements for NGOs receiving foreign assistance and have raised concerns that the NIP would limit INGOs’ ability to recruit foreign nationals and would bar foreign nationals employed by INGOs from working for more than three years in the country.

The Prime Minister’s Office had planned to hold a meeting among the government secretaries before the draft NIP is presented to the Cabinet, with suggestions from the meeting going into the final draft. However, there have been no revisions of the NIP because the government has been occupied with two main issues since 2020: the COVID-19 pandemic and inter-ruling party conflict. [1]

Like the Social Organization Act – 2075, there has, therefore, been little action on the NIP since 2018, and it has been removed from the Ministry of Finance’s website. The lack of action on both initiatives can further be attributed to the fact that an Act already exists to regulate NGOs in Nepal and the government might not feel urgency to have new Acts or policies. In addition, there is no consensus among political parties in the country, which tend to change their positions depending on whether they are in the opposition or ruling party. The government, meanwhile, has continued to enforce restrictions on NGOs’ receiving funding from foreign sources.

[1] The ruling party during that time was the Nepal Communist Party (NCP), which represented a merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN)’s Unified Marxist-Leninist and Maoist factions. It had an almost two-thirds majority in the federal parliament. However, the prime minister, who was also the party leader, was criticized for not sharing power with the co-chairperson of the party and for not even engaging other senior party leaders in decision-making. The opposition within the ruling party started criticizing the prime minister both within the party and in public through multiple media. The party meetings were mostly indecisive and the prime minister had to focus on dealing with the opposition within the party, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis.

3. In January 2018, the Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) was reported to be drafting a new Corruption Prevention Act which would bring under its purview even Nepalis working in foreign government offices and international organizations in Nepal. The initiative is reportedly intended to make the country’s anti-corruption law compatible with the UN Convention against Corruption, which Nepal signed in 2011. However, an August 2021 verdict of the Supreme Court set a new precedent that the CIAA cannot investigate the activities of non-profits registered under the Association Registration Act-1977. However, the CIAA is still seeking for the government to expand the CIAA’s jurisdiction to enable it to investigate improper conduct, issues related to conflicts of interest, and the private and non-government sectors as well.

4. According to the new Constitution, provincial governments are entitled to develop laws that are not contradictory to federal laws on various issues as defined in the Annexes of the Constitution. The Bagmati Province government has lagged behind other provinces in drafting a bill to regulate NGOs. The NGOs that have reviewed Bagmati Province’s draft law have stated that it has a “controlling mindset” and contains several ambiguities that are subject to multiple interpretations. NGOs submitted suggestions to improve the draft bill to Bagmati Province’s government in November 2018. Similarly, Lumbini Province has also promulgated laws to regulate NGOs in the province. However, the Ministry of Home Affairs, in responding to a query from the Rukum District Administration Office, issued a circular that requested all 77 District Administration Offices to continue the regulation of NGOs under the Association Registration Act, which it stated is still under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. The circular denied that the provincial governments have the privilege of preparing and enacting laws. A new federal-level law is still in the process of being drafted, and it is unclear when it will be passed.

5. The 11th amendment to the National Broadcasting Regulation, 2078 in the Nepal Gazette is vague, contradictory, and unconstitutional. It seeks to regulate Over the Top (OTT), Video on Demand (VOD), and internet television in Nepal. As a result of the amendment, any individual or organization uploading a video via internet television “on a regular basis” needs to register and pay a licensing fee of Rs 500,000 (US$ 4,000.00). Since the National Broadcasting Regulation is concerned with frequency allocation, and not the internet, regulating content is not within the purview of broadcast rules. The amendment is believed to have the intention to restrict freedom of expression because the available legal framework is already sufficient to address the issues that the amendment claims to be addressing. For example, to regulate “regular” social media content, there are already internet-specific laws, such as the proposed Information Technology Bill.  Similarly, to regulate the tax on the earnings of online/social media platforms, there are already corporate or taxation laws. Successive governments in Nepal have attempted to restrict civic space through various bills and regulations. Rights activists, however, believe that the vagueness in the bills and regulations is deliberately designed to enable arbitrary application and misuse.

6. In March 2023, the government of Nepal attempted to introduce a law to allow investigative agencies to record personal conversations on mobile phones through the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology’s drafting of a law to amend the Telecommunications Act. Sub-section 2 of Section 77 of the draft law provides a mechanism to obtain direct access to the systems of service providers by using modern technologies to access the information. The provision does not require a court order to record conversations, but includes a vague justification for these intrusions permissible. Recorded conversations must only be “about activities contrary to the sovereignty, integrity and national interest of Nepal and activities such as treason, crime or organized crime or criminal offense.” However, after widespread concerns, the government decided not to move forward with the Telecommunication Traffic Monitoring and Fraud Control System (TERAMOCS), despite the instruction of Nepal Telecommunication Authority (NTA) to Nepal Telecom and Ncell to immediately implement it from August 2023. It remains unclear what the path forward will be regarding this draft law.

Organizational Forms

The primary legal form for CSOs in Nepal is the association. Section 2 of the Association Registration Act defines an association as “an, institution, club, circle, council, study centre etc. established for the purpose of developing and extending social, religious, literary, cultural, scientific, educational, intellectual, philosophical, physical, economical, vocational and philanthropic activities, and also includes friendship associations.”

It is also possible to register as a professional organization under the National Directorate Act (1971) or as a not-for-profit company under the Company Act (2006).  The remainder of this report will, however, focus on associations, since associations are overwhelmingly the most common form of CSO in Nepal.

Public Benefit Status

Article 2 of the Income Tax Act 2058 (2002) recognizes a category of tax-exempt organizations that includes organizations of a “social, religious, educational or benevolent organization of public nature established with non-profit motive.” Legal identity alone is not sufficient for CSOs to access tax exemptions, and most CSOs have found application of Article 2’s criteria unclear. For organizations that have received a tax-exemption certificate from the Department of Internal Revenue, income from grants, donations, and investments is not taxed. The certificate remains valid so long as the organization carries out the public benefit purposes mentioned in the organization’s by-laws and does not conduct income-generating activities.

Public Participation

There are several laws that ostensibly provide for civic participation in Nepal, particularly through consultations, hearings, and other decision-making mechanisms. However, such laws lack specificity regarding how civic participation should be implemented. For example, the Good Governance, Management and Operation Act, 2006 states that the “Government of Nepal may make necessary consultation with stakeholders and civil society, if necessary, before implementing any matter of public concern.” (Article 20) This is subject to multiple interpretations from government officials about when consultation is “necessary” or whether a matter is of “public concern.” Similarly, Article 28 of the same Act states that “(1) The Government of Nepal may arrange for the provision of operating any project or program with direct participation and ownership of the people.” Again, the language is vague, which inhibits effective implementation and enforcement of the provision.

The Local Government Operation Act, 2017 authorizes local governments (municipalities) to create various policy and legal documents to govern civil society affairs. As a result, nearly every activity in which CSOs are engaged, including health care, education, agriculture, environmental conservation, and poverty reduction, falls under the jurisdiction of local governments. According to the Act, the ward office, which is the lowest government unit, is required to facilitate participatory planning processes and engage people at the local level to prioritize project needs and form consumer committees to monitor projects. Consisting of local residents, consumer committees can help enable marginalized groups to voice their concerns. Local governments are supposed to facilitate social accountability tools, such as public hearings, social audits, and citizen scorecards, which provides opportunities for people to voice concerns. CSOs are extending their technical expertise in formulating guidelines for social accountability and facilitating such events to institutionalize the public participation process. Similarly, the Environment Protection Act, 2019 has made holding a public hearing mandatory before preparing an environmental assessment report.

The government has not, however, sought to raise public awareness of the opportunities for civic participation created by the Local Government Operation Act, 2017 and the Environment Protection Act, 2019. Although some local governments are partnering with CSOs in creating opportunities for civic participation, most of the CSOs complain that a significant number of local governments are still reluctant to do so. Moreover, participatory planning processes that would enable the participation of marginalized people at the local level are often manipulated by political elites to serve their own interests.

Barriers to Entry

Mandatory registration. Registration is mandatory, and failure to do so can result in a fine. Under Article 3 of the Association Registration Act, “no person shall establish or cause to be established any association without having it registered pursuant to this Act.” Moreover, according to Section 12 of the Act, “If an association is established without having it registered pursuant to Section 3 or if an association is operated without having it registered pursuant to Section 7, the Local Authority may impose a fine of up to 2,000 Rupees on each member of the management committee of such an association.” The 2,000 rupee (20 USD) penalty imposed on “each member of the management committee” may in some cases be costly enough to deter people from participating in founding an association.  Despite the provisions of the law, associations are generally not punished for operating at the local and district level without registration.

Permissible Founders. First, foreign persons do not have the right to found an association or participate as members with voting rights.  The law requires all founding members to submit their citizenship certificates upon application for registration.  The requirement of citizenship certificates, in practice, excludes not only foreigners from enjoying the right to association, but also the many people who are born and live in Nepal but do not possess citizenship certificates. Foreigners can, however, be honorary members (without voting rights) of associations.

Second, under Section 4 of the Association Registration Act, “any seven or more persons willing to establish an association shall submit to the Local Authority an application setting out the following details of the association, accompanied by one copy of the statute of the association, and with the prescribed fee.” The required minimum threshold of seven founding members is arbitrary—it is not clear why a smaller group of people cannot form an association.

Administrative Delays. The District Administration Office (DAO), which is responsible for registering associations, is not adequately staffed with competent professionals. Its lack of capacity can significantly delay the registration process, especially considering the ever-increasing number of people interested in forming associations in Nepal.

Barriers to Operational Activity

Mandatory Re-registration. Associations are required to renew their registration annually.  The renewal process requires the association to submit a progress report, including audit, minutes of the annual general meeting, and the plan for the next year.  The renewal fee is 500 rupees, but organizations that do not renew are subject to a penalty which increases incrementally each year that the registration is not renewed. After five years of not renewing, an organization is subjected to a 5000 rupee (45USD) fee on top of the unpaid annual renewal fees.  If the registration is not renewed within five years, the registration will automatically be cancelled.  As a result, associations that voluntarily suspend activities for five years are forced to pay the 5000 Rupee fee plus the unpaid annual renewal fees to begin operating again or, alternatively, must establish themselves anew, which is a burdensome and costly process.

Similarly, prior to the renewal process with the District Administration Office (DAO), clearance letters from the Ward Office (the most local level of government), municipalities, and the District Administration Offices are required. CSOs are concerned about why a DAO would require a recommendations from other DAOs in addition to recommendation letters from local governments. The conditions for these clearance letters are the provisions that local governments and DAOs have started imposing after the federal government, and which have presented challenges for CSOs in implementing multi-site projects.

Reporting Requirements. Reporting to responsible state agencies, such as the District Development Committee and District Administration Office (DAO), is required and is part of the registration renewal application.  In addition, all associations are required to undergo an annual audit conducted by a certified accountant or a registered auditor appointed by the annual general assembly.  If an organization fails to submit the proper financial documentation to the DAO, the DAO may impose a fine of up to 500 Rupees on each member of the management committee.

Section 22(2) of the Social Welfare Act reinforces the audit requirement for social organizations or institutions affiliated with the Social Welfare Council by requiring them to “submit an audit report to the Council within six months after the completion of the fiscal year along with the detail descriptions of last year’s progress and next year’s work and activities.” Section 18, Sub-Section (5) of the Social Welfare Act provides that if the Social Welfare Council “so wishes, [it] may inspect or cause to inspect the accounts document along with cash and kind of the social organization and institutions affiliated with the Council at any time.”

Dissolution. Section 14 of the Association Registration Act states that “[i]f an Association is dissolved due to its failure to carry out the functions pursuant to its Statute or for any other reasons whatsoever, all the assets of such Association shall devolve on Government of Nepal.”  This provision raises two concerns.  First, it does not provide a limited list of objective grounds for dissolution. Instead, dissolution may follow where there is a failure to carry out statutory functions or “for any other reasons whatsoever,” thus opening the door to the exercise of subjective government discretion.  Second, upon dissolution, the assets of the association are transferred to the State.  The same is true for associations that dissolve voluntarily.  This creates perverse incentives in the government’s regulatory role.  The preferred practice is for any remaining funds to be transferred to another CSO performing the same or similar activities as the dissolving organization, especially in cases where the CSO is designated as a public benefit or tax-exempt organization.

Foreign CSOs.  Foreign CSOs can establish branch offices under a general agreement with the Social Welfare Council, but they must implement their programs through local CSOs by entering into project-specific agreements. This can be a burdensome process because the project-specific agreement requires approval from as many as seven different ministries.

In August 2016, the Government of Nepal requested all Chief District Officers (CDOs) to refrain from any activities in their districts that are organized by INGOs, unless the CDOs are given prior approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs. The government defended the decision as necessary to ensure that CDOs are fulfilling their governance responsibilities.

Barriers to Speech / Advocacy

There is no legal provision expressly prohibiting advocacy activities. Indeed, many Nepali CSOs pursue advocacy activities. There is a perception, however, that CSOs must be non-political, which deters some organizations from engaging in activities that support or oppose particular government policies. Whenever CSOs participate in a public demonstration to advocate for a public issue, they are vulnerable to being accused of engaging in political activities.

The issue of freedom of speech on social media has taken on heightened importance. One example of the chilling of the freedom of expression on social media related to a former secretary of the Government of Nepal, Mr. Bhim Upadhyaya, who was arrested in April 2020 for allegedly committing a slew of cybercrimes, but was released on bail of Rs 25,000. The Kathmandu District Government Attorney’s Office filed a charge sheet at the District Court against former secretary Upadhyaya on the charge of misusing social media for character assassination and defaming the government and Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli.

Two years later, in April 2022, several political parties and CSOs in Nepal objected to several provisions of the election code of conduct issued by the Election Commission, claiming that the provisions curtailed the freedom of expression. One of the main arguments was that people should not be barred from posting election-related content on social media. Section 4 (q) of the code of conduct, for example, states that no one shall express views or produce materials in favor or against anybody with the motive of influencing elections, and it adds that such material should not be put on social media, which includes messaging platforms, such as SMS, Messenger, Viber, and WhatsApp. In addition, the code of conduct fails to properly define what constitutes “fake sites” and “fake accounts,” which is intended to deny account-holders the right to hide their identity. Section 5 of the code of conduct even restricts people working for CSOs and private companies from making election-related comments through electronic media. Since any provision contradicting the Constitution should be considered null and void, there is widespread concern that the Election Commission will not be able to enforce this provision, among other. Similarly, civil society activists have also criticized the attempt to control social media as being against democracy and civil liberties. Given that the UN Human Rights Committee also has supported the right of people to be allowed to enjoy online what they are entitled to enjoy offline, this code of conduct is likely to curtail human rights in violation of international law.

The issue of freedom of speech became the subject of heated debate from August to October, 2022, when Nepal Police detained a comedian, Mr. Apoorva Kshitiz Singh, for one of his comedies uploaded on YouTube that allegedly insulted the Newar, which is one of the indigenous communities in Nepal. He was arrested first on August 28, 2022 after complaints were lodged against him for derogatory remarks he made about Newari culture, but he was released after he was infected with COVID-19. He was again detained in October 2022 even though he published an apology video after his first arrest. While the Kathmandu district Attorney had filed four different cases against him, the Kathmandu District Court ordered his release on bail of Rs. 250, 000.

Another event that highlighted the freedom of speech occurred in early November 2022, when the Press Council Nepal issued a 24-hour “clarification letter” to the Editor-in-Chief of Nagarik Daily, Guna Raj Luitel, regarding a cartoon published in the newspaper. The Federation of Nepali Journalists (FNJ) central Office, FNJ province branches, the Cartoonists’ Club of Nepal, Freedom Forum Nepal, and Nagarik Daily all expressed serious objections to the Press Council Nepal’s move, which they considered an attempt to curtail the freedom of press and freedom of expression.

Further, in November 2022, the Supreme Court of Nepal also issued an order for the government not to take action against “No Not Again” campaigners. The Election Commission of Nepal had issued a warning to the campaigners to remove social media posts containing photographs of prominent leaders and to take down the campaign’s Facebook page or face a five-year jail and N. Rs. 100,000 fine as per Article 47 of the Electronic Transaction Act. The Commission’s statement followed posts on social media, including various Facebook groups and pages and on Twitter, with the theme, “No, Not Again,” which called on voters to reject certain politicians in the upcoming elections, and particularly those who have become prime minister at least once.

Lastly, in November 2023, the cabinet passed the ‘Directives on the Operation of Social Networking 2023’, which made it mandatory for social media sites, such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok, and YouTube, among others, to open liaison offices in Nepal. The companies must establish either an office or appoint a focal person in Nepal within three months of the enforcement of the Directives. Likewise, companies must register their social media platforms with the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, which can shut down the platforms that are not registered in Nepal. In addition, the Directives include a 19-point “not-to-do list” for users, such as creating fake IDs on social media and sharing or making comments through such IDs. In addition, people may not post any text, audio, video or picture that spreads hatred against any gender, community, caste, religion, profession, or any other particular group.

Barriers to International Contact

There are no barriers to cross-border communication.  CSOs are free to communicate with whomever they wish.

CSOs must, however, receive prior permission to receive funding from outside the country on a case-by-case basis.  Details are found in the following section.

Barriers to Resources

While CSOs in Nepal are allowed to use resources from both domestic and foreign sources, CSOs must receive prior permission to receive funding from the Government of Nepal or from outside the country on a case-by-case basis.

According to Article 16(1) of the Social Welfare Act, social organizations and institutions wishing to receive any kind of assistance from the Government of Nepal, foreign countries, international social organizations and institutions, missions, or individuals shall submit a project proposal and application along with other details to the Council as prescribed for approval.  After receiving an application, the Council shall provide permission in coordination with the concerned ministry or agency within 45 days.  The review process is lengthy because each project funder must be vetted. Section 16(2) of the Act states that no permission for annual assistance may be given to projects that are “against the national interest,” but “against the national interest” is not defined.

For projects of up to Rs 200,000 that will be finished quickly, organizations need only give prior notice to the Council and submit a report to the Council within three months of completing the work. CSOs must also receive prior permission from the Ministry of Home Affairs to engage in public fundraising.

In July 2012, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs started asking INGOs to register with the Aid Management Platform at the Ministry of Finance, a process which CSOs have criticized as lengthy, bureaucratic, and vulnerable to corruption. In addition, a Cabinet decision made it mandatory for anyone taking any kind of foreign aid or loan to seek prior “suggestions” from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Nearly two years later, on June 26, 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a Development Cooperation Policy (DCP), which, like previous initiatives, included several provisions that immediately drew criticism from donors and civil society.

According to the unofficial translation of the DCP released by the Ministry of Finance in June 2014, the government will not accept grants below $5 million, concessional loans less than $10 million, and commercial loans below $20 million per program or project (2.3, 2.4.3, and 2.5.2). In addition, development cooperation must be channeled through the Ministry of Finance, rather than directly to civil society (3.9.10). The Social Welfare Council (SWC), the umbrella organization that coordinates CSOs and plays a role in registration, wrote in a briefing that the DPC contradicts the Social Welfare Act and “is intended to make SWC defunct and powerless.” The SWC opposes the DCP because it would make it difficult for INGOs to receive earmarked funds to Nepal from donors and would make it mandatory for INGOs to seek permission from the government to seek funds for their programs and projects. There are reports, however, that the DCP is not strictly implemented in all cases.

Barriers to Assembly

Section (17)(2)(b) of the Constitution of Nepal states that “every citizen shall have … the freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms.”  This definition restricts the freedom of assembly to only Nepali citizens, in contravention of international law. In addition, Section 17 stipulates that the freedom to assemble will not “be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the nationality, sovereignty, independence and indivisibility of Nepal, or jeopardize the harmonious relations between federal units, or public law and order situation.” Similarly, the Civil Rights Act, 1955, limits the right “[t]o assemble peaceably and without arms and ammunitions” only to “citizens.”

Although there is no law specifically regulating assembly or public gatherings, the Local Administration Act (1971) defines an “assembly / meeting” as “a group of Twenty Five or more than Twenty Five persons gathered with an intention in an organized or unorganized manner in a public place to address particular objectives.”

Time, Place and Manner Restrictions
The government has the right to declare restricted zones. Such restrictions have been declared in some areas considered sensitive from a security point of view. In Kathmandu, assemblies or public gatherings may not be held in the following restricted places:

• In front of the Office of the President;
• In front of the Parliament; and
• In front of the Administrative Headquarters of the Government.

The Kathmandu District Administration and District Security Committee also attempted to ban protests at Maitighar Mandala and other places in Kathmandu. The ban, which would have gone into effect on July 15, 2018, was justified by the government on the grounds that it designated seven other specific places as open for protests. However, the Supreme Court of Nepal issued a “stay order” on the ban before it went into effect. Maitighar Mandala has long been a symbolic place for CSOs and rights activists to exercise their rights to peaceful assembly and free expression. The ban was widely condemned by CSOs and was challenged both in courts and through street protests, during which some protesters were arrested.

Content Restrictions
Tibetan refugees and assemblies dedicated to the issue have been denied the right to freedom of assembly because of the Nepalese government’s deference to China’s “One China” policy.

Counter-demonstrations
If more than two groups want to use the same public place for their assembly, demonstration or rally, the local authority gives first priority to the group that formally informs the local authority; the local authority then requests other groups to choose a new venue or change the route of their rally. Thus, although notification is not mandatory, it becomes relevant in the case of counter-demonstrations.

Enforcement
Despite the Constitutional guarantee of peaceful assembly, there have been some instances where the State has used excessive force to break up assemblies. However, the local District Administration Office and Nepalese Police claim that force is used only when an assembly attempts to enter a restricted area or when the demonstration becomes violent.

While we aim to maintain information that is as current as possible, we realize that situations can rapidly change.  If you are aware of any additional information or inaccuracies on this page, please keep us informed; write to ICNL at ngomonitor@icnl.org.

General News

Nepal Civil Society Conference concludes (September 2024)
CSOs in Nepal have called for actionable plans with accountability, equitable resource distribution, and stronger international commitments on peace, inclusion, climate justice, digital transformation, and youth empowerment, as outcomes of the upcoming Summit of the Future. The Nepal Civil Society Conference for the Summit of the Future, held on September 3, was organized by the United Nations Nepal (UN Nepal), NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN), and the Association of International NGOs in Nepal (AIN). The event gathered national and international civil society organizations, alongside representatives of women, youth, and marginalized groups, to discuss Nepal’s contribution to the Summit of the Future and how the Pact of the Future-its outcome document-can be leveraged to support Nepal’s development priorities and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Nepal’s Foreign Minister praises civil society’s role in development (September 2024)
In the Nepal Civil Society Conference for the Summit of the Future held in Lalitpur, Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Arzu Rana Deuba lauded civil society’s role in the country’s overall development. Minister Rana said Nepal has accorded importance to the ‘Summit of the Future’ to be held along with the upcoming United Nations General Assembly and preparations are underway for the participation of the Prime Minister of Nepal in the summit.

Nepal police clash with pro-monarchy protesters (February 2024)
A clash between thousands of monarchist protestors and police took place in Kathmandu. The confrontation, marked by the use of rattan sticks, tear gas and water cannons, resulted in the forceful dispersal of the demonstration. This event underscores tensions between pro-monarchy and pro-republic factions in the Himalayan nation.

Free speech advocates decry social media directive (November 2023)
The government released the full text of the 15-point directive on the Operation of Social Networking 2023. This comes in the wake of a ban on the popular social media platform TikTok announced earlier this month. The directive, among other things, makes it mandatory for social media sites such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok, and YouTube to set up their liaison offices in Nepal. Free speech advocates oppose the government’s attempts to regulate social media through administrative measures and assert that a new law or legal framework enacted by parliament is needed for doing so. Second, they state that the new directive contradicts the Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) on which it is based.

Nepal bans TikTok because of ‘disruption’ to social harmony (November 2023)
Nepal has decided to ban TikTok because the popular short video app was disrupting social structures in the South Asian nation, government officials say. A number of countries have placed restrictions on the use of Tiktok, which is owned by Chinese tech giant Bytedance and has more than one billion monthly active users, while India has banned it altogether.

Nepal’s UPR recommendations on freedom of expression and association (October 2023)
During the 3rd UPR Cycle, Nepal received 233 recommendations, accepted 196 recommendations, and noted 37 recommendations. Freedom Forum organized a follow-up discussion on the UPR on Freedom of Expression and Association, in collaboration with the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in the federal capital, Kathmandu, on August 11. Columnist and noted investigative journalist Namrata Sharma warned that if all sides concerned do not raise their voice on any issue of public concern on time, the State would gradually slide to tyranny.

Law to record conversations being introduced (March 2023)
The government has drafted a bill to allow the recording of personal conversations on mobile phones. Sub-sections 1 and 2 of Section 77 of the draft bill state that “Recording the conversation of any person, including revealing the identity and other details related to the service, can be obtained from the service provider for investigation.”

CIVICUS rates Nepal’s civil space as ‘obstructed’ (March 2023)
While concluding that civil freedom in Nepal is facing an increasing crackdown as in most other Asian countries, CIVICUS has rated Nepal’s civic space as ‘obstructed’. The CIVICUS Monitor report gave Nepal 46 of 100 points to keep the country in the ‘obstructed’ (41-60) category. The report states that Nepal saw a number of attacks against press freedom and police crackdowns against peaceful protests.

Has the Governmentt Placed the Suspended Chief Justice under House Arrest? (November 2022)
Suspended Chief Justice Cholendra SJB Rana has said that the government has prevented him from coming out of his residence by padlocking the main gate of his residence and deploying a huge number of police personnel outside his residence in Baluwatar. An impeachment motion was filed against Rana on February 13, 2022 and he was suspended as soon as the impeachment motion was registered against him in parliament. The impeachment inquiry committee of the House of Representatives is investigating the impeachment case against him.

Nepal’s New “Press Office” Is Pressing Democracy (October 2022)
On September 30, Nepal’s Election Commission, which is constitutionally charged with conducting and monitoring elections, officially inaugurated the Press Office. The Press Office will combat misinformation in the media by deleting content and punishing those spreading information deemed unacceptable. The Office includes the Nepal Police Cyber Bureau, the Nepal Army, the Advertisement Board, the Press Council of Nepal, the Nepal Telecommunication Authority, and computer operators. This leads to reasonable suspicion of political motives to suppress unfavorable speech and press.

Press Office Manned by Security Personnel Monitors Media (October 2022)
Despite public criticism, the Election Commission inaugurated the Press Office comprising representatives from cyber units of the Nepal Army and the Nepal Police to monitor social and online media. Different media organizations including the umbrella body of Nepali journalists, the Federation of Nepali Journalists, have expressed strong objections to the election body’s move.

Election Commission has Stricter Code of Conduct but Lacks Monitoring Mechanisms (May 2022)
On April 5, several fringe parties and the main opposition CPN-UML refused to sign a commitment paper on adhering to the election code of conduct issued by the Election Commission. Their gripe was that they were not consulted while drafting the code of conduct and were being forced to sign it. UML leaders had objected to the provisions, saying they curtailed the freedom of expression of citizens.

Don’t Act on the National Broadcasting Regulation Act (March 2022)
Nepal’s governments have been biologically incapable of going to the root of any issue to find solutions. Instead, they introduce knee-jerk rules and blanket bans that impinge on citizens’ rights. The latest is the 11th amendment to the National Broadcasting Regulation in the Nepal Gazette. Like all previous ill thought out rules, this one is vague, contradictory, and unconstitutional.

Impeachment Motion Against Chief Justice Rana (March 2022)
An impeachment motion registered against Chief Justice Cholendra Shumsher Rana on February 13, 2022 has not yet been discussed in the parliament. About 98 members of the federal parliament belonging to the ruling alliance registered the motion against Rana who has been denied from performing his duty since the October 2021 listing of 21 grounds for impeachment against him. Though the impeachment motion will have to be passed by two-thirds majority of the Federal Parliament, the ruling coalition does not have two-thirds majority.

Government Told Not to Arrest Anyone for Negative Remarks (September 2021)
The Supreme Court issued a stay order against the government asking it not to arrest anyone for making negative statements. The home ministry had issued a press release on September 3 urging all people not to make negative comments against projects run by friendly countries, their project staff, foreign nationals, or their properties. The interim order came in response to writ petitions against the home ministry.

FNJ Condemned Gandaki Province Government Attempt to Restrict Media (August 2021)
Federation of Nepalese Journalists (FNJ) condemned the Public Service Broadcasting Bill and requested the Gandaki Province to withdraw it. FNJ criticized the bill that was tabled in the Province Parliament despite the media sector claiming that the bill is ill-motivated to control the press and freedom of expression. A press release by the FNJ General Secretary Roshan Puri urged the province government to rewrite it in the true spirit of the Constitution.

Commission of Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) Denied Investigations of the Non-profit Sectors (August 2021)
The Supreme Court of Nepal ruled out the CIAA attempt to investigae NGOs under its purview. In its verdict, the Supreme Court stated that activities carried out by NGOs registered under Association Registration Act, 1977 are beyond the scope of an ‘individual with public authority.’ Thus CIAA cannot investigate corruption charges against NGOs since there are already other institutions, such as District Administration Office and Social Welfare Council, to regulate their activities.

Freedom Forum Condemns Harassment of Journalists (April 2021)
Freedom Forum is alarmed over harassment of journalists who reported on a secret agreement between a foreign official and the prime minister. Security forces raided the residence of journalist Babin Sharma and his office for sharing a news story originally published by the Ujyaalo News Network on April 16. Sharma is associated with the online news portal. Reporters at Ujyaalo News Network were also harassed and threatened over the news, which was dismissed by authorities as “fake news.”

Civic Space Blocked in Nepal (December 2020)
In Nepal, civic space is rated as ‘obstructed.’ The CIVICUS Monitor has documented ongoing threats and attacks against journalists in Nepal for their reporting, including on the COVID-19 pandemic. Online defamation laws, such as the Electronic Transactions Act, were used in 2020 to silence criticism of authorities and to prosecute online journalists.

National Human Right Commission (NHRC) Concerned about Curbs on Free Speech (October 2019)
The National Human Rights Commission has expressed concern about deteriorating condition of freedom of movement and freedom of expression in the country. Incidents of preventing Nepali Congress leader Minendra Rijal from attending a programme in Tanahun and attack on Gyanendra Shahi in Chitwan recently have posed threat to citizens’ right to freedom of movement and freedom of expression, the rights body said. The National Human Rights Commission reminded the government that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948, and the constitution had guaranteed the right to freedom of expression, assemble peaceably, and the right to reside in any part of the country.

Government to Provide Grants for Organizations Working for Disabled (September 2019)
The government has issued a procedure for providing grants to various organisations working for the welfare of people with disabilities. The procedure aims to increase access of people with disabilities to employment by providing them skill training and social security. As per the procedure, the grants will be provided to eligible organisations through the concerned local levels.

New bill empowers Chief District Officers to impose restrictions (September 2019)
The Peace and Security Bill registered by the government in the House of Representatives stipulates a provision of imposing restriction on fairs, festivals and mass meetings. Section 13 of the bill says that the chief district officer concerned may prohibit celebration of any fair or festival if the program is likely to affect peace and security. “The power to maintain law and order in any festival or fair shall lie with the CDO. If the CDO believes that a fair or festival will threaten the law and order situation, s/he may issue an order against organizing such program,” reads the bill. The CDO may impose a fine of up to Rs 25,000 on an organizer of such programs besides mobilizing security forces to stop it if s/he continues with the fair or festival in contravention of the order of the local administration.

Supreme Court Nullifies District Administration Office’s Order in Nepal Red Cross Society Case (September 2019)
The Supreme Court issued a ruling nullifying the decision of District Administration Office, Kathmandu that had decided to dissolve central working committee of the Nepal Red Cross Society, stayed its general assembly and had prevented the central working committee from holding new elections. The bench observed that the power to dissolve the central working committee of the Nepal Red Cross Society rested with the government and not with the District Administration Office, Kathmandu, as per the law. The court said DAO’s decision to dissolve the central working committee of Nepal Red Cross Society and the decision to stay general assembly were unlawful. The court said DAO, Kathmandu took decision to dissolve the central working committee of NRCS without giving the office bearers the right to be heard and thus it was against the principle of natural justice.

Human Rights Watch Urges Nepal to Amend Laws That Undermine Freedom of Expression (September 2019)
Human Rights Watch, in a letter to the Prime Minister of Nepal, urged that the Nepal government should revise several pieces of draft legislation that threaten to undermine the right to freedom of expression. It urged the Nepal government to amend the recently revised Penal Code, which criminalizes speech on vague grounds, including that it may “annoy” or “trouble” someone. “The draft laws currently before parliament, including the Media Council Bill, Information Technology Bill, and the Mass Communications Bill, contain numerous loosely defined and draconian measures. These include offenses for harming the nation’s “self-pride” or damaging an individual’s “image or prestige.” Provisions controlling online and social media activity are especially sweeping. Many of the new offenses carry fines and lengthy prison sentences,” HRW said in the latter.

Nepal Commits to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals (July 2019)
Nepal emphasized on the necessity of renewed commitment for the global partnership to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and coordinated aid ahead of the Senior Level Meeting of Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation in New York.

NGO Federation of Nepal wants INGOs denied funds meant for Nepal (December 2018)
The NGO Federation of Nepal, a group of local non-government organizations, has demanded that international NGOs operating in Nepal should have no access to funds from UN and donor agencies having their offices in the country. Making public its formal recommendation to the government during its ninth general convention that kicked off in Kathmandu, the federation argued that the huge chunk of money meant for Nepal was being spent by the INGOs for administrative purposes.

Nepal’s Communist Government Tightens Its Grip on Civil Society (October 2018)
Starting last month, not only is Nepal’s civil space shrinking, but the pillars of democracy, like freedom of the press, equality, and liberty, are facing the hammer of new draconian laws. The new National Integrity Policy proposed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is set to tighten the Nepal government’s grip on international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The proposed policy was first formulated on June 8, 2017, when Sher Bahadur Deuba was the prime minister. The proposed document has lays out 13 policies for NGOs and 25 for INGOs in a 23-page paper and aims to strictly monitor them.

UN rapporteurs question intent of Integrity Policy (July 2018)
Four independent experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council have drawn the government’s attention to the controversial National Integrity Policy (NIP) that the government is preparing to introduce. UN Special Rapporteurs David Kaye, Clement Nyaletsossi Voule, Michel Forst and Ahmed Shaheed have questioned several provisions of the policy, putting them into three major categories: definition and reporting requirements; restriction of scope of activities; and access to funding.

Ministry retracts decision on NGOs’ (June 2018)
The Home Ministry has backtracked on its decision to strictly scrutinise Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) while renewing their registration. The ministry issued an official note to all the district administration offices not to implement two major points of its previous circular until further notice.

‘Maitighar Mandala will be protest free zone’ (June 2018)
Home Minister Ram Bahadur Thapa has said that Maitighar Mandala will remain a protest exclusion zone effective from July 15, as decided by the Kathmandu District Security Committee on April 13. The announcement comes at a time when voices are being raised against the decision that impinge on the people’s right to peaceful assembly.

Nepal ranks 2nd in South Asia, 106th in world press freedom index (April 2018)
Nepal ranks second in South Asian countries in the World Press Freedom Index for 2018. This year’s report ranks Nepal 106th in the world with a score of 32.05 points.

Cabinet ratifies foreign visit rule for officials (April 2018)
The Cabinet has endorsed the Foreign Visit Management Directive for government officials including ministers, aimed at controlling “unnecessary” foreign trips by those holding public office. The 55th annual report of the Office of the Auditor General showed that various ministries are spending lavishly from the state coffers in the name of foreign visits without studying the benefits. The directive seeks to control the practice of domestic and international non-government organisations sponsoring trips of public officials including senior employees. “The new provision is more restrictive than the existing one in relation to the NGOs/INGOs funding the trips,” said am official without specifying the details.

Bill to bar judiciary, security agencies from taking foreign aid (April 2018)
The government has proposed to bar the judiciary, constitutional bodies and security agencies from receiving direct funding from foreign donors and international non-governmental organizations. The National Integrity Policy 2018 drafted by the Office of the Prime Minister has introduced the provision of barring key authorities from receiving foreign aid from bilateral and multilateral donors by signing direct agreement with them. The policy, which is yet to be endorsed by the government, has also proposed barring members of constitutional bodies from going abroad to attend functions of INGOs and other activities without the consent of the government. Even if some members of the constitutional bodies want to go abroad on their own, they have to seek prior approval from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, according to the draft proposal.

CIAA seeks authority to probe private sector, NGOs (September 2017)
The Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) has urged lawmakers to “expand jurisdictions” of the anti-graft body to enable it to probe the private sector and non-government organisations in line with the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption which Nepal’s Parliament endorsed in 2011. During a discussion held between CIAA officials and lawmakers representing the Parliamentary Good Governance and Monitoring Committee at the CIAA headquarters, the anti-corruption body also urged parliamentarians to restore its jurisdiction of investigating ‘improper conduct’. According to a lawmaker who attended the discussion, CIAA officials had said they can only look into 25 percent corruption cases as the judiciary, Nepal Army, private businesses, public limited companies, cooperatives and NGOs were out of its reach.

New law on the cards to make NGOs transparent (September 2017)
The government is preparing to introduce a new law to ensure transparency in the activities of NGOs. According to Spokesperson for the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, Toyam Raya, the Ministry has prepared a draft of the legislation by incorporating suggestions and recommendations from stakeholders, including NGOs and INGOs. The draft legislation has been sent to the Ministry of Finance for approval. Explaining the need for the new law, Raya said the Social Welfare Act, 2049 was now outdated and the new legislation would replace it. According to him, the draft legislation requires NGOs and INGOs to keep their source of funding and transactions transparent and to carry out work that directly benefit the community they work for.

NGO/INGOs to be regulated under one-window policy (August 2017)
Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare Asha Koirala said preparations are underway to regulate activities of NGO/INGOs across the nation under a one-window policy. “The budget of NGO/INGOs are in excess to Nepal’s yearly budget, however results have been disappointing, so the [Social Welfare and Development] Act should be amended and one-window policy would be introduced,” Minister Koirala added.

Aid agencies accuse Nepal government of hampering their work (April 2017)
International aid agencies in Nepal are paying the government hundreds of thousands of dollars in fees, and having to hand out stipends to bureaucrats, to get their projects approved and monitored. They accuse the government of hampering their work, citing year-long delays before aid projects are approved. The country’s public officials can earn $2,500 a year just for attending meetings to approve aid projects in a country where the prime minister’s salary is $750 a month. Fees to secure project approval and cover monitoring and evaluation range from $6,000 to $15,000 per project – which can be a sizeable slice of the project’s budget.

US envoy critical of CSO Act (February 2017)
The United States ambassador to Nepal, Alaina B Teplitz, in an op-ed published in Nepali and English in Kathmandu dailies has strongly criticized a new draft law making it difficult for civil society organisations to register and operate in Nepal. The draft Social Welfare and Development Act requires civil society organizations (CSOs) to get multiple approvals from different agencies despite the constitutional provisions for streamlined registration and operation. ‘The new Social Welfare and Development Act currently being drafted … appears to run counter to the constitution’s call for a single-door system requiring CSOs to obtain multiple approvals from different agencies in order to operate,’ Teplitz writes. ‘The draft Act also restricts CSO access to foreign funding by requiring CSOs to obtain permission from the Social Welfare Council to implement projects using foreign aid and support.’

Chief District Officers restricted from participating in INGO Programs (August 2016)
The Government of Nepal has issued a notice to all Chief District Officers (CDOs) to refrain from any activities in their districts that are organized by INGOs. CDOs would need prior approval from the Home Ministry to participate in such activities. The government claims that the decision was necessary to address increasing complaints that CDOs cannot effectively govern their districts because they are too often engaged in INGO activities. The NGO Federation and other CSOs expressed concern that this decision will have serious implications for coordinating with government for effective service delivery.

TRC directive finalized (July 2016)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission has finalized its directive, paving the way for investigation into complaints lodged by the conflict victims. In absence of the directive, the TRC had not been able to begin preliminary investigation into over 50,000 complaints lodged by the conflict victims.

Attorney General aims to address concerns about transitional justice (July 2016)
Attorney General Hari Phuyal said his office was trying to help the government address concerns about transitional justice once and for all by bringing new laws related to transitional justice that could satisfy all sides: ex-rebels, security agencies, victims’ families, civil society and the international community. As he highlighted, said CPN-Maoist Centre leaders and the security agencies had agreed that there would be no amnesty for serious offences, such as extra-judicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, rape and sexual offences. “I am hopeful that the UN, which had declined to support the transitional justice mechanism, will extend its support after legal changes are introduced,” he added.

NRA unveils manual to enhance skills of HR engaged in reconstruction (July 2016)
The Training Operation and Management Manual recently introduced by the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) has given space for private organizations, NGOs and international NGOs to transfer particular skills to human resources engaged in post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation activities. These institutions can also carry out observational and research-based learning programs to improve skills of human resources. According to the manual, the NRA and its sub-regional offices can outsource training services to private organizations, NGOs, and international NGOs. “NRA can also recommend action if activities of training providers undermine sovereignty and national integrity, disturb social harmony, infringe domestic laws or go against National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy.” Furthermore, “Training should not be used as a tool to work against any neighbouring country or other countries” and “should not influence people to change religion.”

INSEC opposes deal (May 2016)
Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) today issued a press release saying some points of the nine-point agreement signed between the Unified CPN-Maoist and the CPN-UML recently were against the verdict of the Supreme Court passed on January 2 last year. This verdict of the court prohibits amnesty in cases of serious human rights violation. “We condemn any agreement entered by any political party or group if such agreement violates human rights.”

Civil society: Watchdog role (May 2016)
The arrest of the noted journalist and chairman of Sajha Yatayata Kanak Mani Dixit on April 22 by the CIAA invited public criticisms by civil society and mass media. Some civil society members and Dixit himself have alleged his arrest as an act of vengeance by the CIAA chief as several persons, including Dixit, had vehemently opposed his appointment to the post. Moreover, there is a wider belief in the society that his arrest was an attempt to threaten civil society actors, who constantly raise voice irrespective of the political and other threats.

Nepal ranks second in South Asia in press freedom: Reporters Without Borders (April 2016)
Nepal ranks second among the nine South Asian countries as far as press freedom in the region is concerned, according to the advocacy group Reporters Without Borders, which released its annual rankings today. Nepal has lagged other South Asian countries far behind except Bhutan.  Despite this, as the report highlights, covering demonstrations continues to be dangerous for Nepali journalists.

Nepal Amends Constitution for the first time (January 2016)
On January 23, 2016, Nepal amended the new constitution for the first time. Article 42, which addresses marginalized groups such as Dalits, ethnic and sexual minorities, and citizens in underdeveloped regions, was amended to specify that their employment in state structures and public service will be guided by the principle of proportional inclusion. Article 286 was amended to require population to be the first priority and geography the second when determining the 165 electoral constituencies of the House of Representatives.

Nepal Formally Adopts New Constitution Amid Protests from Minorities (September 2015)
Nepal has formally adopted a much anticipated and long-delayed constitution that took more than seven years to complete following a decade of political infighting.

Nepal Struggles to Craft a New Constitution (February 2015)
Nepalese lawmakers have failed to agree on a new Constitution. The political parties remained divided over basic issues and opposition parties have refused to support the Constituent Assembly (CA). The CA Chairperson decided to start the process by the majority voting system and form a committee to prepare a questionnaire on the disputed issues of the new Constitution, which will then be voted upon by the Assembly. The Chairperson came to this decision after a series of obstructions from opposition lawmakers. The opposition alliance has declared that it will abstain from any form of dialogue with the ruling parties, the government and the CA Chairperson, until the decision to use a majority voting procedure has been reversed.

Donors and civil society find fault with new aid policy (August 2014)
The recently enforced Development Cooperation Policy has heightened levels of mistrust between the government and stakeholders after national and international NGOs joined together to oppose the government policy. The International Development Partners Group has also expressed serious concerns about limiting I/NGOs’ access to foreign funds. The Social Welfare Council (SWC) has listed the following concerns: 1) The Development Cooperation Policy is full of flaws, contradicts the Social Welfare Act and ignores suggestions from SWC, donors and other stakeholders; 2) There is no need for INGOs to register with SWC, as they only need to get permission and reach agreement with SWC on their projects; 3) The existence of the Social Welfare Act questions the legality of proposed inter-ministerial committee project analysis and facilitation; and 4) It is impossible for I/NGOs to coordinate with concerned sectoral ministry while preparing project proposals to mobilise development assistance.

Nepal government may pass anti-gay laws (August 2014)
Nepal may pass laws recriminalising gay sex, making it an offence punishable with three years of imprisonment, an LGBT news website has reported. The report quoted former Nepal parliamentarian Sunil Pant as saying that the current law and justice ministry Narahari Acharya planned to push these laws through. CSOs have previously reported that “widespread harassment, including by the government, has contributed to a climate of fear among LGBT people and activists in Nepal, and has interrupted vital activities, including HIV prevention work.”

Donors criticize government’s new foreign aid policy (July 2014)
Nepal’s leading donor agencies have expressed dismay over the government’s ‘opaque’ activities. In a strongly worded letter addressed to Minister of Finance Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat, International Development Partners Group, an exclusive group of Nepal’s donors, accused the government of not communicating with the donors properly before finalizing the draft of the new Development Cooperation Policy. The new policy has barred donor agencies from earmarking funds to NGOs and INGOs from the amount pledged to government. Similarly, the policy has also required NGOs and INGOs to furnish details of the bank that they use for transactions when submitting project proposals. Finance ministry officials declined to make official comments on the letter, but said that the issues raised in the letter surprised them.

Aid disbursement from donors on the decline (April 2014)
As of mid-April, actual aid disbursement from donors was found on the decline. The disbursement in last fiscal year was $0.96 billion compared to $1.04 billion of the previous year. The overall aid disbursement was claimed to have been affected especially due to the decline in disbursement from multilateral donors. The latest Development Cooperation Report (DCR) shows except for Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM), disbursements from all leading multilateral donors declined in the last fiscal year. “There has been a noticeable decline in disbursements form the World Bank Group and the Asian Development Bank in 2012-13,” states DCR.

Pillay warns against attempts to grant amnesties (April 2014)
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Nevi Pillay, expressed grave concerns regarding a TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) bill presented at the Legislature Parliament, which could lead to amnesties for serious human rights violations. Under the bill that aimed at creating a Truth and Reconciliation Commission and a Commission on Disappearance, these two bodies will be granted the powers to recommend amnesties, including for serious human rights violations, or to excuse perpetrators of such violations from prosecution.

Constitution delay ‘exacerbating’ Human Rights Problem in Nepal (March 2014)

USAID’s two decades support to HIV/AIDS in Nepal (September 2013)

Civil society representatives picket UCPN (M) office (May 2013)

‘Emerging autocracy’ in Nepal (February 2013)

Liberal phase of Civil Society (January 2013)

Slow erosion of democratic institutions hampers accountability (December 2012)

Civil society asks PM to cede power for consensus (November 2012)

Nepali civil society called on to kick-start truth and reconciliation process (October 2012)

Editorial highlights negative public perceptions of NGOs in Nepal (July 2012)

Government plans to to tighten restrictions on foreign funding (July 2012)

Chairman of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party calls for a government “led by civil society” (July 2012)

NFN held consultative meeting on aid transparency (May 2012)

Consultation meeting of Nepali civil society on Least Developed Country IV conference (March 2012)

Multi-stakeholder dialogue on UNCAC (February 2012)

A roundtable meeting aiming for consensus on partnership for development in Nepal (February 2012)