Safeguarding Civil Society’s Access to Resources
December 18, 2024
As governments continue to restrict civic space, ICNL remains committed to building the resilience of civil society groups and safeguarding their right to access resources.
IAJC Adopts Principles on the Operation of Civil Society Organizations
April 12, 2023
ICNL led a participatory process engaging over 100 experts from across Latin America and the Caribbean to develop and propose the twelve principles contained in the Declaration, which is also available in Spanish.
IAJC Principles on Creation, Operation, Financing, and Dissolution of Civil Society Organizations
April 12, 2023
The Declaration of Inter-American Principles on the Legal Framework for the Creation, Operation, Financing, and Dissolution of Non-profit Civil Entities were adopted and subsequently forwarded to the Permanent Council for it's consideration and subsequent submission to the General Assembly.
Law 31494 that Recognizes Self-Defence and Rural Development Committees and Incorporates them into the Citizen Security System
November 18, 2022
6 NORMAS LEGALES Jueves 16 de junio de 2022 El Peruano / diversos actores. Dicha información es pública y se difunde a través de herramientas […]
OAS Regional Report on CSO Regulation
November 1, 2022
Briefer summarizes these laws and implementation practices governing civil society organization in the 35 Organization of American States member States.
Briefer on the Inter-American Principles on CSO Regulation
October 31, 2022
This document was designed to help participants in this process and other stakeholders understand the Principles, advocate for their adoption, assess country laws and practices against the Principles, and convene multi-sector dialogues to discuss the country’s legal environment as compared to the Principles.
Decreto Supremo que ratifica procedimientos administrativos de las entidades del Poder Ejecutivo como resultado del Análisis de Calidad Regulatoria de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 del Decreto Legislativo Nº 1310, Decreto Legislativo que aprueba medidas adicionales de simplificación administrativa (DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 130-2018-PCM)
May 25, 2021
Decreto Supremo que ratifica procedimientos administrativos de las entidades del Poder Ejecutivo como resultado del An álisis de Calidad Regulatoria de conformidad con lo dispuesto […]
Decreto Legislativo de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos y otros delitos relacionados a la minería ilegal y crimen organizado (DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1106)
May 24, 2021
Decreto Legislativo de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos yotros delitos relacionados ala miner íailegal ycrimen organizado DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº1106 (*) De conformidad con […]
Ley de Organizaciones Políticas (LEY Nº 28094)
May 24, 2021
Ley de Organizaciones Pol íticas LEY Nº28094 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REP ÚBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la Rep ública Ha dado la Ley […]
Terrorism Financing Risk in Nonprofit Organizations in Latin America
January 29, 2021
This ICNL Spanish-language publication is based on survey responses submitted by 729 NPO sector representatives from 17 participating countries. The report presents an in-depth analysis of survey findings, as well as recommended reforms that can be implemented through collaboration among civil society organizations, government agencies, regional FATF bodies, and international experts.
Responses to Covid-19 in the Amazonian Regions of Ecuador and Peru
December 31, 2020
This Pachamama Foundation report assesses the laws and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Amazonian regions of Ecuador and Peru that affect freedoms of association and peaceful assembly.
Ley 29038 que incorpora la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera del Perú (UIF-PERU)) a la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones
July 2, 2020
Ley que incorpora la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera del Per ú(UIF-PER Ú)ala Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros yAdministradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones LEY Nº29038 EL […]
Ley 27693 que crea la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera
July 2, 2020
Ley que crea la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera -Per ú LEY Nº27693 ( EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REP ÚBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la […]
Ley 30916 Orgánica de la Junta Nacional de Justicia
July 2, 2020
Ley Org ánica de la Junta Nacional de Justicia LEY Nº30916 CONCORDANCIAS: R.J.N °000075-2019-JN-ONPE (Aprueban el “Reglamento para la Primera Elecci ónde los Rectores Representantes […]
Ley 30904 de Reforma Constitucional sobre la conformación y funciones de la Junta Nacional de Justicia
July 2, 2020
Ley de Reforma Constitucional sobre la conformaci ónyfunciones de la Junta Nacional de Justicia LEY Nº30904 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REP ÚBLICA POR CUANTO: EL […]
Ley 27692 de Creación de la Agencia Peruana de Cooperación Internacional
July 2, 2020
Ley de Creaci ónde la Agencia Peruana de Cooperaci ónInternacional -APCI LEY Nº27692 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REP ÚBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la […]
Decreto Legislativo 1186 que regula el uso de la fuerza por parte de la Policía Nacional del Perú
July 2, 2020
Decreto Legislativo que regula el uso de la fuerza por parte de la Polic íaNacional del Per ú DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº1186 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA […]
Decreto Legislativo 1095 que establece reglas de empleo y uso de la fuerza por parte de las Fuerzas Armadas en el territorio nacional
July 2, 2020
Decreto Legislativo que establece reglas de empleo yuso de la fuerza por parte de las Fuerzas Armadas en el territorio nacional DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº1095 EL […]
Decreto Legislativo 1006 de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos y otros delitos relacionados a la minería ilegal y crimen organizado
July 2, 2020
Decreto Legislativo de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos yotros delitos relacionados ala miner íailegal ycrimen organizado DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº1106 CONCORDANCIAS Enlace Web: EXPOSICI […]
Dictan Ley de Cooperación Técnica Internacional Decreto Legislativo No. 719
July 2, 2020
Dictan Ley de Cooperaci ónTécnica Internacional DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº719 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REPUBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la Rep ública, de conformidad con […]
Decreto Aprueban Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley Nº 27806, Ley de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública
July 2, 2020
Aprueban Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley Nº27806, Ley de Transparencia yAcceso ala Informaci ónPública DECRETO SUPREMO Nº043-2003-PCM CONCORDANCIAS: D.S. N°072-2003-PCM (REGLAMENTO) OTRAS CONCORDANCIAS EL […]
Cross-sector Collaboration in Peru
December 2, 2019
In 2015, Peru introduced a requirement to renew the registration for organizations that received international funding.
Financial Action Task Force Toolkit
November 26, 2018
This toolkit unpacks anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing rules and the standards and procedures of FATF for nonprofit organizations
Legislative Decree to fight effectively against money laundering and other crimes related to illegal mining and organized crime
January 1, 2018
Decreto Legislativo de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos y otros delitos relacionados a la minería ilegal y crimen organizado DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1106 […]
Legislative Decree that creates the National Authority of Transparency and Access to Public Information, strengthening the Personal Data Protection Regime and the regulation of the management of interests
January 1, 2018
Decreto Legislativo que crea la Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública, fortalece el Régimen de Protección de Datos Personales y la […]
Resolution Approving the Standard for the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism
January 1, 2018
Aprueban la Norma para la Prevención del Lavado de Activos y Financiamiento del Terrorismo, de aplicación general a los sujetos obligados a informar que carecen […]
Granting a pardon and right of grace for humanitarian reasons to inmates of the Barbadillo Penitentiary Establishment
January 1, 2018
2NORMAS LEGALESDomingo 24 de diciembre de 2017 / El Peruano Que, el 07 de setiembre de 2017, la Secretaría Técnica de la Comisión de Gracias […]
Decree 96, which approves regulations for the non-implementation of the IGV, ISC and tariff duties to donations
June 8, 2017
Aprueban Reglamento para la Inafectación del IGV, ISC y derechos arancelarios a las Donaciones DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 096-2007-EF Enlace Web: EXPOSICIÓN DE MOTIVOS – PDF. […]
Decree 55 that approves regulatory norms of Law No. 30498, which promotes the donation of food and facilitates the transfer of donations in situations of natural disasters
June 8, 2017
Aprueban Normas Reglamentarias de la Ley Nº 30498, Ley que promueve la donación de alimentos y facilita el transporte de donaciones en situaciones de desastres […]
Law 30498 that promotes the donation of food and facilitates the transport of donations in situations of natural disasters
March 28, 2017
Ley que promueve la donación de alimentos y facilita el transporte de donaciones en situaciones de desastres naturales LEY Nº 30498 LA PRESIDENTA DEL CONGRESO […]
Directive No. 73 Establishing the Procedures in the ONGD and ENIEX Registries Conducted by APCI
December 12, 2016
Peru_Resol.pdf
Legislative Decree Measures to Strengthen the Prevention, Detection and Sanction of Money Laundering and Terrorism
December 11, 2016
Aprueban modificaciones al Reglamento para la Inafectación del IGV, ISC y derechos arancelarios a las Donaciones, aprobado por Decreto Supremo Nº 096-2007-EF DECRETO SUPREMO Nº […]
Law that promotes the donation of food and facilitates the transport of donations in situations of natural disasters
December 11, 2016
Ley que amplía el límite de deducibilidad de gastos por concepto de donaciones de alimentos en buen estado para efectos del Impuesto a la Renta […]
Law extending the validity of benefits and tax exemptions
January 30, 2016
(TEXTO WORD EXTRAIDO DEL SISTEMA PERUANO DE INFORMACION JURIDICA-SPIJ DEL MINISTERIO DE JUSTICIA) Ley que prorroga la vigencia de beneficios y exoneraciones tributarias LEY Nº […]
Law 30326 on Political Parties
July 17, 2015
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Voices in the Streets
January 1, 2015
This report from Freedom House analyzes instances of mass social protests in 12 countries in order to identify best practices in promoting and protecting the right to peaceful assembly.
Activistas de Latino América y Relator de Naciones Unidas colaboran para el fortalecimiento de los derechos de las OSC
November 6, 2014
PUBLISHED: NOVEMBER 6, 2014 Líderes de sociedad civil de las Américas enfrentan múltiples desafíos en el ejercicio de sus derechos a la libertad de asociación […]
Latin American Activists and UN Expert Work Together to Advance CSO Rights
November 6, 2014
PUBLISHED: NOVEMBER 6, 2014 Civil society leaders from across the Americas face an array of challenges in exercising their rights to freedom of association and […]
Legislative Decree Effectively Combating Money Laundering and Other Related Crimes of Illegal Mining and Organized Crime
June 22, 2014
Decreto Legislativo de lucha eficaz contra el lavado de activos y otros delitos relacionados a la minería ilegal y crimen organizado DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1106 […]
Law 23507 Confirming Base Social Organizations
January 11, 2014
LEY Nº 25307 (*) De conformfidad con el Artículo 1 de la Ley Nº 27660 publicada el 07-02-2002, se declara de carácter prioritario la atención […]
Approved Directive Regulating the Registration of Acts and Rights of Base Social Organizations
January 11, 2014
Aprueban Directiva que regula la inscripción de los actos y derechos de las Organizaciones Sociales de Base RESOLUCION DEL SUPERINTENDENTE NACIONAL DE LOS REGISTROS PUBLICOS […]
Law on Income Tax
September 27, 2013
Aprueban el Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 179-2004-EF Nota: Fuente: SISTEMA PERUANO DE INFORMACION JURIDICA – […]
Law Creating the Peruvian International Cooperation Agency – APCI
September 27, 2013
Ley de Creación de la Agencia Peruana de Cooperación Internacional – APCI LEY Nº 27692 (Publicada 12 abril de 2002) EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA […]
Luis Miguel Sirumbal Ramos and 8,438 citizens and Congressmen (plaintiffs) v. Congress (respondent)
September 27, 2013
TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL1 PLENO JURISDICCIONAL 0009-2007-PI/TC 0010-2007-PI/TC (acumulados) SENTENCIA DEL PLENO JURISDICCIONAL DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL PROCESO DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Luis Miguel Sirumbal Ramos y 8.438 ciudadanos y […]
Report of Social Conflicts
January 16, 2013
Oficina de Prensa e Imagen Institucional Defensoría del Pueblo Teléf onos: 311 -0300 / Anexo 1400 -1401 -1403 -1406 -1407 www.defensoria.gob.pe Según Reporte N°106 DEFENSORÍA […]
Supreme Decree Amending the Law on Income Tax
January 15, 2013
Aprueban Reglamento de la Ley que declara de prioritario interés nacional la labor de Clubes de Madres, Comités de Vaso de Leche, Comedores Populares Autogestionarios […]
Constitutional Tort Appeal Filed by the General Confederation of Workers of Peru
January 10, 2013
EXP. N.° 4677-2004-PA/TC LIMA CONFEDERACIÓN GENERAL DE TRABAJADORES DEL PERÚ SENTENCIA DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL En Lima, a los 7 días del mes de diciembre de […]
Report on the exercise of the right of assembly
January 10, 2013
1 INFORME DEFENSORIAL N° 46-DP-2000 I. ANTECEDENTES Primero. Expediente N° 198-A/DP-DC, sobre el ejercicio del derecho de reunión, libre expresión y participación ciudadana a través […]
Report on Social Conflicts
January 10, 2013
q”&rr*”(* ¿tl%rr”ih RESOLUCIÓN DEFENSORIAL N” OO?-?jO14DP Lima, ?6H¡[.20f2 VISTO: El Informe Defensorial N” 156, denominado “Violencia en los conflictos socra/es”, elaborado por la Adjuntía para […]
Rules of Organization and Functions of the Political Authorities
January 10, 2013
Aprueban Reglamento de Organización y Funciones de las Autoridades Políticas DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 004-2007-IN Enlace Web: EXPOSICIÓN DE MOTIVOS – PDF. CONCORDANCIAS EL PRESIDENTE DE […]
Legislative Decree on the employment and the use of force by the military
January 10, 2013
Peru_declegarm.pdf
Legislative Decree Creating the National Office of Intenal Governance
January 10, 2013
Decreto Legislativo que crea la Oficina Nacional de Gobierno Interior DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1140 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la […]
Law on the Functions of the Ministry of Interior
January 10, 2013
Ley de Organización y Funciones del Ministerio del Interior LEY Nº 29334 DIARIO DE LOS DEBATES – SEGUNDA LEGISLATURA ORDINARIA DEL 2008 CONCORDANCIAS: D.S. N° […]
Law on Elections
January 9, 2013
Ley Orgánica de Elecciones LEY Nº 26859 Reuniones Artículo 357.- Dentro del radio de cien metros de una mesa de sufragios se prohíbe al propietario, […]
Report Authorizing Guarantees for Conducting Public Rallies and Sporting and Non-sporting Activities
January 9, 2013
Peru_dire.pdf
Decree Specifying the Nature and Name of the Political Authorities of the Ministry of the Interior
January 9, 2013
Precisan la naturaleza y denominación de las autoridades políticas del Ministerio del Interior DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 003-2009-IN Enlace Web: EXPOSICIÓN DE MOTIVOS – PDF. EL […]
Approved Norms for Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
November 1, 2012
Aprueban la Norma para la Prevención del Lavado de Activos y Financiamiento del Terrorismo, de aplicación general a los sujetos obligados a informar que carecen […]
Legislative Decree Effectively Combating Money Laundering and Other Related Crimes of Illegal Mining and Organized Crime
October 31, 2012
DECRETO LEGISLATIVO N° 1106 DECRETO LEGISLATIVO DE LUCHA EFICAZ CONTRA EL LAVADO DE ACTIVOS Y OTROS DELITOS RELACIONADOS A LA MINERÍA ILEGAL Y CRIMEN ORGANIZADO […]
Law Creating the Unit of Financial Intelligence
October 31, 2012
1″” Ley que crea la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera – Perú LEY Nº 27693 EL PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA POR CUANTO: El Congreso de la […]
Income Tax Exemption for Associations and Foundations
August 14, 2012
Garcilazo de la Vega 2501 – LINCE LIMA – PERU Tel éfono (d) 51 -1-4355238 Fax: 51 -1-5937337 beatrizparodi@gmail.com TEXTO ACTUAL TEXTO VIGENTE A PARTIR […]
Primera Audiencia Regional de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre Restricciones Legales a la Libertad de Asociación en América Latina
March 28, 2012
PUBLISHED: MARCH 28, 2012 La Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos convocó la primera audiencia temática regional sobre Restricciones Legales a la Libertad de Asociación en América […]
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights’ First Regional Hearing on Legal Restrictions on Freedom of Association in Latin America
March 28, 2012
PUBLISHED: MARCH 28, 2012 Leer articulo completo en Español On March 28, 2012, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) held its first ever regional […]
Inter-American Commission Human Rights Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Americas
December 31, 2011
This report on human rights defenders in the Americas, published in 2011 by the Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), is a follow up to the body's 2006 report on the same subject.
Regulation of IGV, ISC, and Tariff Rights of Donations
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Regulation of the Law of International Technical Cooperation (amended in 2004)
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
1999 General Sales Tax Law, as amended through 2007
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Law that establishes the Peruvian Agency for International Cooperation (amended in 2006)
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Regulation of the Facilitation of the Office of International Donations
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Legislative Decree 783 on the Return of General Sales Tax (amended in 2006)
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Tax and Company Law Amendments News
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Congress Passes Anti Non-Governmental Organizations Law
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Non-Governmental Organizations and Philanthropy: The Peruvian Case
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
1984 Civil Code, as amended through 2010
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Compilation of Laws on International Cooperation
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Constitutional Provisions
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Constitution of the Republic of Peru
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Law on Cooperatives
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Tax Law Benefits News
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Amendments to the Income Tax Law News
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Income Tax Law (amended in 2007)
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Law on Transparency and Access to Public Information
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Law on International Technical Cooperation (amended in 2007)
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
Legal Framework for the Private and Non-profit Sectors
December 1, 2011
This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on th e legal environment […]
State Supervision of NGOs in Peru
November 1, 2009
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 12, Issue 1, November 2009 María Beatriz Parodi Luna1 1. GENERAL CONTEXT At the moment in different countries […]
Peru’s Constitutional Tribunal rules as unconstitutional portions of key amendments to International Cooperation Law
September 12, 2007
PUBLISHED: SEPTEMBER 12, 2007 Peru’s Constitutional Tribunal has invalidated key articles of the 2006 “Law 28925” amending the Law Creating the Peruvian Agency for International […]
Changes to Peru’s International Cooperation Legal Framework raise International and comparative law issues
December 8, 2006
PUBLISHED: DECEMBER 8, 2006 The International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL) has received numerous inquiries from Latin American and international organizations regarding amendments to Peru’s […]
Transparency Versus Government Supervision in Peru
February 1, 2005
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 7, Issue 2, February 2005 By Beatriz Parodi Luna* In Peru, NGOs are not a special legal entity. […]
Transparency Versus Government Supervision in Peru [Spanish Translation]
February 1, 2005
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 7, Issue 2, February 2005 By Beatriz Parodi Luna En el Perú, las denominadas ONG´s (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales […]
Country Reports: Latin America & The Caribbean
June 1, 2002
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 4, Issue 4, June 2002 Chile Social Responsibility: 12 Case Studies from Chile “Responsabilidad social: 12 Casos empresariales […]
Promoting Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Corporate Social Responsibility in Peru
June 1, 2002
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 4, Issue 4, June 2002 By Javier de Belaúnde L. de R., Beatriz Parodi L., and Delia Muñoz […]
Country Reports: Latin America and the Caribbean
December 1, 2000
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2000 Regional I) CERFE Regional Conference By Fernando Latorre “Increase in Citizen Participation in […]
Country Reports: Latin America and the Caribbean
March 1, 1999
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 1, Issue 3, March 1999 Brazil The draft law on Civil Society Organizations of Public Character was passed […]
Establishing New Interactive Forms of Collaboration Between Non-Profit Organizations and Enterprises.- Competitive vs. Collaborative Relationships
March 1, 1999
The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 1, Issue 3, March 1999 1. INTRODUCTION Traditionally the State and private enterprises were considered the principal actors […]